Languages Analysis (Fach) / Unit 1 (Lektion)

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• Descriptive (=erklärend) grammar is: is an approach that describes the grammatical constructions that are used in a language, without making any evaluative judgments about their standing in society. These grammars are commonplace in linguistics, where it is standard practice to investigate a 'corpus' of spoken or written material, and to describe in detail the patterns(Muster) it contains.
• Reference (Hinweis) grammar is: a description that tries to be as comprehensive (umfassend) as possible, so that it can act as a reference book for those interested in establishing (Ermittlung) grammatical facts (in as much the same way as a dictionary is used as a 'reference lexicon').
• Pedagogical grammar is: a book specifically designed for teaching a foreign language, or for developing an awareness of the mother tongue. Such 'teaching grammars' are widely used in schools, so much that many people have only one meaning for the term 'grammar': a grammar book.
• Pedagogical grammar is: a book specifically designed for teaching a foreign language, or for developing an awareness (bewust sein) of the mother tongue. Such 'teaching grammars' are widely used in schools, so much that many people have only one meaning for the term 'grammar': a grammar book.
• Traditional grammar is: is a term often used to summarize the range (klassifizieren) of  attitudes (Standpunkte) and methods found in the period of grammatical study before the advent (Beginn) of linguistic science. The 'tradition' in question is over 2,000 years old, and includes the work of classical Greek and Roman grammarians, Renaissance writers, and 18th-century prescriptive grammarians. It is difficult to generalize about such a wide variety of approaches (Ansätze), but linguists generally use the term pejoratively (abwertend), identifying an unscientific approach to grammatical study, in which languages were analysed in terms of Latin, with scant (gering) regard (berücksichtigen) for empirical facts. However, many basic notions used by modern approaches can be found in these earlier writings, and there is now fresh interest in the study of traditional grammar, as part of the history of linguistic ideas.
• Prescriptive (vorschreibend) grammar is: is a manual that focuses on constructions where usage is divided, and lays down rules governing (beeinflussend) the socially correct use of language. These grammars were a formative influence on language attitudes in Europe and America during the 18th and 19th centuries. Their influence lives on in the handbooks of usage widely found today.
• Theoretical grammar is: is an approach that goes beyond the study of individual languages, to determine what constructs are needed in order to do any kind of grammatical analysis, and how these can be applied consistently (einheitlich) in the investigation of a human language. It is thus (also) a central notion in any investigation of linguistic universals.
• What is a colligation? (2) A grouping of words based on the way they function in a syntax (sentence) structure the occurrence of a lexical item with a grammatical pattern (Modell) colligation is a subtype of collocation
• What is the best definition of collocation (Zusammenstellung)? (1) the statistical tendency of certain words to co-occur a habitual (konstnt) assosiation between particular words in a languages e.g. Phrasal verbs: put up # put in # put off  
• What is grammar? (3) a central area to linguistics, conventionally divided into syntax and morphology a set of rules in the human brain a branch of linguistics that deals with the form of words and their arrangement
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• Which notions (Begriffe) are typically applied by descriptive grammarians? appropriate/inappropriate spoken/written formal/informal
• Which statements is the best explanation for the relationship between form and meaning? (1) The same form can be used to convey (liefern) different meanings depending on the context
• What is a morpheme? (1) the smallest meaningful unit in language
• Which is the best definition of morphology Morphology is the analysis of word structure.
• Which notions are typically applied by prescriptive grammarians? right/wrong good/bad grammatical/ungrammatical
• Which methods are used by grammarians to discover the regularities of a language? (3) Elicitation Corpora searches Introspection
• An example(s) of a split infinitve You have to really watch him, he is good at tricking his caretakers.  I used to secretly fancy my badminton partner.
• Which is the best definition for syntax? Syntax is the study of sentence structure.
• What type of grammar is an approach that describes the grammatical constructions that are used in a language, without making any evaluative judgments about their standing in society. These grammars are commonplace in linguistics, where it is standard Descriptive grammar
• What type of grammar is a book specifically designed for teaching a foreign language, or for developing an awareness of the mother tongue. Such 'teaching grammars' are widely used in schools, so much that many people have only one meaning for the ter Pedagogical grammar
• What type of grammar is a manual that focuses on constructions where usage is divided, and lays down rules governing the socially correct use of language. These grammars were a formative influence on language attitudes in Europe and America during th Prescriptive grammar
• What type of grammar is an approach that goes beyond the study of individual languages, to determine what constructs are needed in order to do any kind of grammatical analysis, and how these can be applied consistently in the investigation of a human Theoretical grammar
• What type of grammar is a description that tries to be as comprehensive as possible, so that it can act as a reference book for those interested in establishing grammatical facts (in as much the same way as a dictionary is used as a 'reference lexico Reference grammar
• What type of grammar is described by a term often used to summarize the range of attitudes and methods found in the period of grammatical study before the advent of linguistic science. The 'tradition' in question is over 2,000 years old, and includes Traditional grammar

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