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Social and Cross-Cultural Psy (Fach) / Chapter 4 (Lektion)
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- social cognition a large topic within social psychology concerned with understanding how we think about ourselves and other people and how the processes involved impact upon our judgements and behaviour in social contexts
- automatic process a process that occurs without intention, effort or awareness and does not interfere with other concurrent cognitive processes
- controlled process a process that is intentional, under the individual's volitional control, effortful and entailing conscious awareness
- schema a cognitive structure or mental representation comprising pre-digested information or knowledge about objects or people from specific categories, our expectancies about objects or groups, what defines them
- heuristic a well-used, non-optimal rule of thumb used to arrive at a judgement that is effective in many but not all cases; stereotypes are often said to function as heuristics
- stereotype a cognitive structure that contains our knowledge, beliefs and expectancies about some human social group
- categorization the tendency to group objects (including people) into discrete groups based upon shared characteristics common to them
- priming activating one stimulus (e.g. bird) facilitates the subsequent processing of another related stimulus (e.g. wing, feather)
- accessibility the extent to which information is easily located and retrieved
- lexical decision task cognitive measure of how quickly people classify stimuli as real words or nonsense words; quicker responses to certain word categories indicate increased accessibility
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- encoding the way in which we translate what we see into a digestible format to be stored in the mind
- representativeness heuristic a mental shortcut whereby instances are assigned to categories on the basis of how similar they are to the category in general
- base rate information information that gives us an idea about how frequent certain categories are in the general population
- availability heuristic a cognitive shortcut that allows us to draw upon information about how quickly information comes to mind about a particular event, to deduce the frequency or likelihood of that event
- anchoring/adjustment heuristic a cognitive heuristic that makes us place weight upon initial standards/schemas (anchors) and as a result means we may not always adjust sufficiently far from theses anchors to provide accurate judgements
- cognitive miser a view of people as being often limited in processing capacity and apt to take shortcuts where possible to make life simple
- goal a positively valued behavioural end-state that encompasses the purposeful drive/motivation to engage in a behaviour/action/judgement
- implicit goal operation the process whereby a goal that enables people to regulate responses (e.g. to overcome stereotyping) is engaged without conscious awareness
- goal dependent where an outcome is conditional upon a specific goal being in place (e.g. goal-depending automatic stereotype activation)
- individuating information information about a person's personal characteristics (not normally derived from a particular category membership)
- continuum model of impression formation views impression formation as a process going from category-based evaluations at one end of the continuum to individuated responses at the other, dependent on the interplay of motivational and attentional factors
- outcome dependency a motivational objective in which participants believe they will later meet a target and work together on a jointly judged task; shown to lead to less stereotypical target impressions
- accountability a processing goal whereby perceivers believe they will have to justify their responses to a third party and be held responsible for their impressions; this typically leads to less stereotypical impressions
- probe reaction task a simple reaction-time task that assesses attention left over from performing the primary task; does not take away attention from the primary task (i.e. is not resource-depleting)
- dissociation model proposes that two different processes can occur independently and that one does not inevitably follow from the other (e.g. Devine's proposed dissociation between automatic and controlled processes in stereotyping)
- stereotype suppression the act of trying to prevent an activated stereotype form impacting upon one's judgements about a person from a stereotyped group
- rebound effect where suppression attempts fail; used here to demonstrate how a suppressed stereotype returns to have an even greater impact upon one's judgements about a person from a stereotyped group