83
MVST 1B (Fach) / BOD practical (Lektion)
Anzeige
- Clostridium perfringens Wounds “gas gangrene”“Volcano” colonies Haemolytic (alpha toxin → Nagler plate) Gram Positive BacilliOBLIGATE ANAEROBE
- Escherichia coli Gram Negative Bacilli FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE Commensal gut (most strains) Large Irregular Colonies Red on MacConkey’s, yellow on CLED
- Bacteroides fragilis Commensal gut post surgery infections VERY OPAQUE white colonies Gram negative bacilli OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pathogen burns, wounds, UTI, CF Large colonies Green pigment on Nutient Agar, acrid Gram Negative Bacilli, pleiomorphic AEROBE
- Salmonella spp Gut pathogen Large Irregular Colonies Non-lactose fermeter: Pale on MacConkey’s / Blue on CLED O & H Antigens Gram Negative Bacilli FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE
- Plasmodium --
- Toxoplasma --
- Trypanosoma --
- Leishmania --
- Schistosoma --
- Anzeige
- Nematodes --
- Chronic inflammation Tissue destruction, inflammation, healing Resolution: complete clearance of dead cells exudate by macrophages Organisation: Repair (conversion into fibrous scar) + regeneration (new epithelium) Monocytes → macrophages → attract epithelial (FGF, VEGF) cells and fibroblast (FGF, TGF-β) Granulation tissue: angiogenesis + collagenous fibrous tissue Examples Organising pericarditis Organising bronchopneumonia Organising purulent exudate in adipose tissue → abscess Repiar of a skin wound
- Acute inflammation Neutrophils & fibrinous exudate Bronchopneumonia; patchy appearance Leukocytes in small bronchi, mostly dead Red because of vasodilation and haemorrhage Fluid exudate in alveoli → poor gas exchange Influence of viral infection → flow chart Lobar pneumonia; diffuse Enlarged pleural lining cells Dilated, leaky capillaries Alveoli containing fibrin and lneutrophils Acute purulent meningitis
- Thrombosis --
- Embolism --
- Artherosclerosis --
- Adeno(carcino)ma --
- Cervical neoplasia --
- Dental abscess Viridans streptococcus Strep pyogenes Staph aureus
- UTI E. coli Ent. faecalis Candida albicans
- Immunology Detect presence of an antigen / antibody ELISA Reverse passive haemagglutination Haemagglutination inhibition pregancy test Precepitation in gel / immunodiffusion Plaque-forming cells Complement fixation ABO blood group typing Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) - Direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test
- Virology Titration of Influenza virus by haemagglutination → HaemAgglutinating Units Titration of antibody by inhibition of haemagglutination → HaemAgglutination Inhibition titre Plaque forming units in presence of antibodies / antivirals Data handling replication cycle Inclusion bodies
- Bacteriology identification Colonies: size, colour, morphology Haemolysis: in-/complete, zones Gram stain: positive, negative; cocci, bacili An-/aerobic MacConkey / CLED plates: enteric organisms; lactose fermenter Location Further tests: coagulase, serotyping, other plates
- Apoptosis Internal (DNA damage) and external (cytokines) stimuli Enzyme cascade, tightly regulated Cytological changes Cell shrinkage loss of cell-to-cell contact condensation of chromatin at periphery of nucleus pyknotic nuclei: smaller, denser, more strongly basophilic fragmentation → phagocytosis → Apoptotic cells in germinal centres of lymph nodes
- Necrosis Uncoordinated breakdown of cellular homeostasis Nuclear changes Karyolysis: fading and loss of basophilic staining of DNA Cytoplasmic changes Coagulative necrosis: denaturation of protein → hyper-eosinophilia Swelling, bursting → release of cellular contents → inflammation
- Blood film Red blood cells Platelets Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
- Spleen Red pulp, Reticulo-endothelial system → sinuses, clearance of debris White pulp → immune system Blood flow through the spleen Cuff of T-lymphocytes Marginal zone B lymphiod follicle
- Thymus Function Structure Positive & negative selection
- Histology of hypersensitivity Nasal polyp Hashimoto's thyroiditis SLE Tuberculosis (Ziehl-Neelsen stain) primary: two sites -- Ghon focus + lymph node miliary: Fibro-caseous necrosis, tuberculous meningitis secondary: re-activated, contained
- Tuberculous granuloma Central necrosis Epitheloid cells & Langhans giant cells, derived from macrophages Lymphocytes
- Anzeige
- Salmonella serotypes O, H, iV serotypes → agglutination
- Metronidazole Antibiotic to inhibit aboligate anaerobes, bacteroides fragilis, helicobacter pylori
- Virus and disease Necrosis Proliferation → necrosis Proliferation → neoplastic transformation Inclusion bodies Secondary infection by bacteria