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MVST 1B (Fach) / BOD - Microbiology (Lektion)
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- Polio virus Causative agent of poliomyelitis; picorna viridiae; enterovirus, faeco-oral route transmission
- Measles virus Causative agent of Measles; paramyxo viridae live attenuated Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine Genetically stable, physically unstable Systemic infection
- Influenza A Orthomyxovirus
- HIV Human immundeficiency virus → AIDS; retrovirus, zoonosis Binding: gp120→CD4 on TH, Mφ, DC; co-/chemokine receptors CCR5 (early) and CXCR4 (late) Gene expression: LTR's, gag, pol (ribosomal framshifting → quantitatie control), env Replication: reverse transcriptase, RNA-dep RNApoly Exit: buding Treatment Enfurvitide, nevarapine / zidovudine / lamivudine, raltegravir, saquinavir HAART
- HSV Herpes simplex virus, herpes viridae cold sores, genital herpes, latent in neurones
- Hepatitis B virus HepaDNA virus Acute / chronic hepatits, 1ary liver cancer
- Papovaviridae Icosahedral non-enveloped dsDNA Papillomavirus → warts, cervical carcinoma Polyoma virus → tumours in rodents
- Adenoviridae dsDNA Adenovirus → acute respiratory disease
- Herpesviridae Enveloped dsDNA HSV → Cold sores (tye I), genital herpes (type II) VZV → Chicken pox, shingles EBV → Glandular fever & Burkitt lymphoma (latent in memory cells), nasopharyngeal carcinoma HCMV → Cytomegalic inclusion disease Human Herpesvirus 8 → Kaposi's sarcoma ( Marek's diesease virus → Lymphomas in chicken ) ( Pseudorabies → Aujesky's diease of pigs )
- Poxviridae Envelopped dsDNA Variola virus → smallpox Vaccinia virus → smallpox vaccine myxoma virus → myxomatosis in rabbits Orf virus → dermatitis in sheep / goats Interfere with interferons, antigenically stable, physically stable ?
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- Parvovirus non-enveloped ssDNA Human parvovirus Canine parvovirus Feline panleucopenia virus → Cat fever, enteritis
- Reoviridae non-enveloped icosahedral dsRNA Rotavirus → Acute infantile gastroenteritis Blue tongue virus → Catarrhal fever of sheep
- Picornaviridae non-enveloped (+)-ve ssRNA Polio virus → poliomyelitis Hep A → Acute hepatitis Rhinovirus → common cold FMDV → Foot and mouth disease
- Caliciviridae (+)-ve ssRNA, non-envelopped Norovirus → winter vomiting disease Feline calicivirus → respiratory disease
- Toga- & Flaviviridae (+)-ve ssRNA; eneveloped, spherical Rubella virus → German measles Hep C → Acute and chronic hepatitis Yellow fever virus → Yellow fever Classical swine fever virus → Swine fever West Nile virus → encephalitis
- Coronaviridae Envelopped (+)-ve ssRNA Infectious bronchitis virus → Avian bronchitis SARS-corona virus → Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- Orthomyxoviridae Enveloped (-)-ve ssRNA Influenza A → Human/avian/equine influenza
- Paramyxoviridae (-)-ve ssRNA Measles virus → measles Mumps virus → mumps
- Rhabdoviridae (-)-ve ssRNA Rabies virus → rabies vesicular stomatits virus → vesicular stomatits
- Retroviridae (+)-ve ssRNA with DNA intermediate HIV → AIDS Rous sarcoma virus → sarcomes in fowl feline leukaemia virus → leukaemia in cats
- Hepadnaviridae dsDNA with RNA intermediate Heptatits B virus → acute and chornic hepatits, primary liver cancer
- Viral modifications to host cell subversion of protein metabolism cell stimulation nulceotide metabolism membrane modification Cytopathic effect suppression of host signalling cell transformation: abortive (DNA) vs integration (retro) non-/lytic infections
- Rabies virus Causative agent of rabies; rhabdoviridae, zoonosis
- Persistent viral infections Hep B → chronic hepatitis Measles → Subacute Sclerosing PanEncephalitis HSV-1,2 → cold sores, genital herpes VZV → chickenpox, shingles persistent vs latent?? HIV??
- Varicella-zoster virus Causative agent of chicken pox, shingles; Herpes viridae Latency in sensory neurones, e.g. geniculate ganglion → Ramsey Hunt II
- HCMV Human cytomegalo virus, herpes viridae
- Zoonoses AIDS SARS Influenza Rabies Yellow Fever West Nile virus
- Myxoma virus Causative agent for myxomatosis; poxvirus in rabbits decreasing virulence
- Variola virus Causative agent of smallpox; pox viridiae Eradicated through vaccination
- Vaccination (viruses) Live: attenuated mutants / live related: long-lived TH-1,2 response, reversion to virulence? Dead: whole virus (purified, inactivated), subunit (chemical engineering); safem but multiple injection, only TH2 Passive: antibodies; rabies, HBV, breast milk Table in handout! Live: MMR, smallpox, VZV Dead: Hep A,B; polio, rabies, influenza, HPV, FMDV
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- Protozoa Trypanosomes Leishmania spp Plasmodium spp Toxoplasma gondii Babesia spp
- Helminths Nematodes: ascaris, hookworms, filarial worms → wucheria, oncocerca Trematodes: flukes → schistosomes Cestodes: tapeworms No replication in definite host
- Ascaris lumbricoides Helminths → Nematodes intestinal lumen oro-faecal route
- Necator americanis Helminths → Nematodes → Hookworms Direct life cycle, free living infective larvae, penetrate skin Feed on blood, anti-coagulants
- Wucheria bancrofti Helminths → nematodes → filarial worms adults in lymph nodes → elephantiasis microfilaria in blood transmitted by mosquitoes
- Onchocerca volvulus Helminths → Nematodes → filarial worms adults in subcutaneous nodules microfilaria in skin → river blindness transmission by blackfly
- Toxoplasma gondii Intracellular protozoa with in-/direct life cycles Active parasite-driven entry into cells survival within macrophages formaton of cysts
- Plasmodium Protozoa, p. falciparum, - vivax life cycle ? red cell sequestration cerebral malaria TNF-alpha in immune response Thassalaemias protective Pregnant women at risk
- Schistosomes Helmiths → trematodes → flukes Indirect life cycle: eggs → miracidium → snail → cercaria → skin penetration Mansoni, japonicum: gut, hepaosplenic disease Haematobium: bladder, cancer? Pathogenic eggs, diverse imune evasion x4
- Trypanosoma Protozoa Life cylce? Trypanosoma brucei → African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma cruzi → Chagas disease Treatment: Suramin, melarsen, etc
- Leishmania see practical!
- Yeasts Unicellular type of fungus mitosis: symmetrical binary fission / asymmetrical budding (candida, cryptococcus)
- Moulds Filamentous moulds hyphae (a-/septate) apical growth
- Histoplasma Dimorphous (filamentous mould / budding yeast) systemic pathogen; inhalation into lungs
- Candida albicans Systemic opportunist yeast oral candidiasis vulvo-vaginitis UTI oesophagitis candidaemia disseminated infection Treatment: Flucaonazole, caspofungin
- Pneumocystis Systemic opportunist; yeast pneumonitis ← T cell immunodeficiency (HIV, leukaemia / lymphoma treatment, organ transplant)
- Cryptococcus C. neoformans. Sapothroph yeast; systemic opportunist; abundant in bird droppings Pneumonia ← normal or immunosupressed patients Meningo-encephalitis ← T-cell deficiency (HIV, organ transplants)
- Aspergillus Environmental mould sapotroph, systemic opportunist broncho-pulmonary colonialisation ← asthma aspergilloma ← pre-existing lung cavity invasive infection (lung, paranasal sinuses, high fatality) ← neutropenia (chemotherapy, leukaemia)
- Mucor Environmental sapotroph fIlamentous mould; systemic opportunist mucormycosis; treatment: surgery + amphotericin
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae Causative agent of upper respiratory tract infection diphtheria Diphtheria ToXin regulated by iron sensors bacteriophage in chromosome single (A-B) polypeptide, S-S bridge; RME via HEGF translocation into cell ADP-ribosylation of EF2 Identification Gram-(+)-ve bacilli aerobe Albert's stain ELEK plate for phage-dependent toxin