Cognition and Attention (Fach) / Chapter 9 (Lektion)

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• mental workload information processing demands imposed by performance of cognitive tasks difference between info processing capacity required and capacity available at given time
• effort conscious exertion
• arousal physiological readiness for activity
• resources hypothetical processing reserves or sensory, motor or information processing capacities
• compensatory costs effects of mental load (increased sympathetic activation or feelings of strain)
• strategy adjustment switch to using less effortfull strategies for performing task
• attentional narrowing tendency of people in high-stress situation to restrict their attention to an inappropriately small set of displays or information sources
• fatigue aftereffects after performing fatiguing task, ppl show preference for using low-cost strategies for performing other, unrelated tasks
• multiple-resource framework different sorts of tasks draw on separate resources with their own distinct capacity reserves
• 1. Difficulty insensitivity allocating more resources to one of two tasks does not alwayys hurt performance on the other one
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• 2. structural alteration changing structure of task without changing its difficulty
• 3. perfect time-sharing interfere with other tasks can nonethelss be performed together without decrement
• strategy shift indicator of changes in operator mental workload
• physiological measures of mental workload direct measurements of various body or brain responses to task performance 1.general arousal 2.brain activity
• pupillometry measurement of diameter of pupil; assesses mental workload
• heart-rate variability beat to beat variation in heart rhthm decreases as mental effort increases
• primary task technique influence of additional task demands on performance are measured -performance will suffer when demands exceed resources!!!
• secondary-task methodology second task performed at same time as primary task extent to which performance suffers is measured
• probe-reaction time paradigm RT to a target is measured during performance of another primary task. used to profile capacity demands of primary task
• loading-task paradigm emphasis is on secondary task and different aspects of primary task performance are measured  
• subsidiary task paradigm emphasis is on maintaining primary task at single-task baselines. to the extent that processing resources remain unused by 1 task there will be spare capacity for 2 task secondary task performance reflects resource expenditure of primary task
• embedded secondary tasks occur naturally in task environment under consideration but not part of primary task performance
• performance operating characteristic (POC) plot of performance on one task against performance on second task which it is timeshared with maximum effort devoted  
• intrusiveness disruption in performance of task as a result of application of mental workload measurement technique
• situation awareness perception of elements in environment within a volume of time and space
• cross-training team members receive information and training in tasks of other team members
• motor programs muscle commands put in place before an action is begun and allow action to be carried out uninfluenced by peripheral feedback
• action slip error due to inappropriate application of learned action
• schemas generalized procedures for carrying out action
• activation trigger schema system (ATS) actions governed by high level parent schema once parent schema activated child schemas are intiated automatically intention=activation of parent schema
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• Influencing schema activation: contention-scheduling system passive process that emerges naturally as result of way schemas are learned and performed activates and order action schmeas which are linked to each other with inhib +excitat connections
• influencing schema activation: supervisory attentional system performs top-down control modulates contention-scheduling system

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