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Cognition and Attention (Fach) / Chapter 8 (Lektion)

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• vigilance decrement drop in task performance during first  30 minutes of performing sustained attention task decrease in detection of infrequent target stimuli  over first 30 minutes
• mode errors interface has several modes of information entry and operator mistakenly enters info thinking that one mode is in effect when really anothe is happen because interface not signaling mode change
• visual search search displayed elements and compare them with stimulus held in memory to determine whether or not item in display match item in memory
• identity matching when user know what search for, search time is fastest
• equivalence search when user knows what option should be executed but does not know how the option is labeled
• inclusion matching used to find an option that is calssified within a menu when user does not know under which class a specific option would be categorized
• smart menus display only commands from a menu that have been used most often and most frequently
• breadth versus depth tradeoff few menus with many commands VERSUS hierarchical organization of many menus with fewer commands
• multifunctional displays multiple display options
• Grouping Principles 1.proximity (close spatial proximity tend to be grouped together) 2.similarity (similar in appearance) 3.continuity (follow a continous contour) 4.closure (gaps between contours filled in) 5.common fate (move in same direction)
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• object displays multidimensional displays that can be perceived and monitored as a single object
• proximity compatibility principle task that require info integrateion will benefit from integrated displays whereas task that require independent processing of two or more variables or focus on one while ignoring others will benefit from separate displays
• emergent feature view displays that capitalize on an emergent feature reduce attentional demands that a user must devote to a multi-element display display because operate can monitor global property rather than the individual components
• Two types of proximity 1.processing proximity = how much attention must be focused on the different components of display in order to obtain information necessary   2. perceptual similarity = perceptual similarity between different components of display p.236
• auditory icons sound effects for computers that map everyday sounds to computers
• earcon short, nonverbal, audio messages convey info to user regarding characteristics of objects
• crosstalk influence of one stimulus dimension on another e.g. judge whether dynamically changing auditory stimulus is increasing/decreasing, judgment influenced by absolute pitch of stimulus
• mental model representation of some aspect of world
• principle of pictorial realism display should visually depict item it is supposed to represent
• principle of moving components moving elemts of display should move in direction that is consistens with user's mental model
• ecological interface design displays should not be arbitrary symbolic representations of real environment but impose lawfull constraints
• skill-based mode automatic behaviour when situation is familiar
• rule-based behavior rare event occurs but event is one for which a previously learned rule can be retrieved and applied
• knowledge-based behaviour event is unfamilar, no simple rule applies and user must engage in problem solving
• cognitive load theory performance decreases when task requires attention to be split between textual and displayed information because cognitive load increases

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