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BIOC2 (Fach) / Fragen1 (Lektion)
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- L-Glyceraldehyde triose aldose
- D-glucose hexose aldose
- D-ribose pentose aldose ---> ATP
- D-galactose hexose aldose
- D-fructose hexose ketose
- dihydroxyacetone triose ketose
- which sugar is used in ATP? aldose or ketose? D-ribose aldose pentose
- reasons for high energy transferpotential of ATP? electrostatic repulsion: triphosphateinheit 4fach negativ = hohes Abstossungspotential hydration: H2O bindet eher an ADP und P resonance stabilisation: ADP und P werden stärker resonanzstab. als ATP
- Glygogeen -->Glucose Glycogenolyse
- Glucose --> Glycogeen Glycogenese
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- Glucose --> Pyruvate Glycolyse Ertrag: 2 ATP 2 NADH x 1,5 = 3 ATP
- Pyruvate --> Glucose Gluconeogenese Verbrauch: 2 ATP 4 GTP
- where takes glycolysis place? in cytosol outside the mitochondrium Ertrag: 2 ATP 2 NADH x 1,5
- where takes citric acid cycle place? in Matrix of mitochondrium Ertrag: 2 ATP 6 NADH x 2,5 = 15 2 FADH2 x 1,5 = 3
- where takes oxidative phosphorylation place? inner membrane of mitochondrium
- what is catabolism? conversion of energy from nutrients into chemically useful energy
- what is anabolism? reactions that require chemical energy e.g.: muscle contraction transport of mol. against concentration gradient synthesis of biomolecules
- Function of sugars? energy stores structural framework of DNA/RNA structural elements in cell membranes glycoproteins cell-cell communication
- what is the basis for ringbuilding of sugars? pyranose --> 6 - ring furanose --> 5 ring reaction with alcohol: aldeyde + alcohol = hemiacetal keton + alcohol = hemiketal
- what are monosaccharides? single arbohydrate chain e.g. glucose
- what are disaccharides? 2 monosaccharides coppled by glycosidic bond e.g. lactose
- what are oligosaccharides? oligomere up to 20 monosaccharides e.g. raffinose
- what are ploysaccharides? polymer >20 monosaccharides e.g. glycogeen
- why is glucose osmotic active but glycogeen not? a lot of small particles glycogeen few large particles
- where is glycogeen stored? muscle and liver
- which regulations of glycolysis are irreversible? reaction of: hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase
- Where takes gluconeogenesis take place? liver 90% kidney 10%
- chemical reaction of oxidation of glucose? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
- pathways of glucose oxidation? Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative phosphorilation
- What means high ATP level? allosterical inhibition of enzyms
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- What means low level of ATP? high level of AMP reversion of inhibitional effect.
- what is the goal of protein breakdown? seperation of aminogroup and carbon skeleton -->CAC
- where is glycogeen stored? Liver and Muscle
- bindings of glucogen or starch? monosaccharide are coupled by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds long chains are coupled by a-1,6 bonds after 10 gluc. ---> glucogen
- functions of glycoproteins: glycoproteins: cell membrane or secreted proteins proteoglycans: structural components and lubriciants mucins: component of mucus- lubricant --> increase complexity of the proteome
- Ertrag Pyruvate Oxidation: 2 NADH x 2,5 = 5 ATP
- Ertrag CAC: 2 ATP 6 NADH x 2,5 = 15 ATP 2 FADH2 x 1,5 = 3 ATP
- what is lectin? a gylycoprotein binds to cellmembranes and force biochem. reactions: celldivision proteinbiosynthesis agglutination