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Study of english (Fach) / Semantics 3 (Lektion)

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• Lexical Ambiguity Abstrat meaning vs. contextual meaning There is something wrong with the cat. a) He hasnt even had his food----> Animal b) I think you`ll have to call the mechanic---->Catalytic Converter She connot bear children. ...when they are noisy. ....because she is sterile.
• Semantic Roles Role that a noun phrase plays in the event described by a sentence Agent---> The on e who performs the action of the verb in an event. Eg. The boy kicked the ball Experiencer----> the entity that has the feeling/perception/stale described by the verb. Eg. The boy feels sad Theme----> the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event. Eg. The boy kicked the ball Instrument-----> the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb E.g. the boy cut the rope with a raxor Source -----> starting point of a movement E.g. The boy ran from the house. Goal---> endpoint of a movement. e.g. The boy walked to the mirror. Location ----> place at which entity/ action is located. Eg. The boy is sitting in the classroom.
• Semantic Roles Examples! Peter opened the safe with a key Peter was in the living room William stole the bicycle William saw the bicycle We gave the bicycle to Harry Janet lost the ball. 1.)Peter=agent, the safe=theme, with a key=instrument 2.)Peter=theme, in the living room= location 3.)William =agent The bicycle=theme 4.)William= Experiencer, the bicycle =theme 5.)We = agent, the bicycle= theme, to harry =goal 6.) Janet =agent, the ball= theme
• Corpus a large and principled collection of natural texts (writtn and/or spoken) typically based on a specific type of text, aimed at being representative of the type under examination
• Corpus Linguistics linguistic description based on the extensive accumulation of actually occuring  language data and its analysis by computer  
• Well known corpora BNC- Brtish National Corpus Coca- Corpus of American English ICE Corpus- International Corpus of English Voice- Vienna oxfort international Corpus of english
• Sentence Meaning Lexicon---> Large but finite; (core) meanings can be listed Sentences----> infinite number; meanings cannot be listed; Meanings are compositional Sentence meaning ----> meaning of the sentence itselft (which is compositionally derived from the meaning of its parts and its combination)
• Word meaning vs. sentence meaning If we combine words different---> sentence meaning also changes Sky blue (himmelblau) blue sky( blauer himmel) peter hit John --- John hit Peter
• Ambiguous Sentences Lexical: Teh rabbi married my sister.  a)heiraten b) verheiraten Sturctural: old men and  woman may enter. a) old+ men and woman b) old men + woman
• Representing Sentence meaning Propostion----> State of affairs described by the sentence "what is said about x?" truth value---> is the propositional content true or false? Max loves Anne.  The table is reading the newspaper.
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• Semantic Roles among sentences Paraphrase---> two sentences have the same propostion 1.a) Mary sold a car to Tom. 1.b) Tom bought a car from Mary. 2.a) The police chased the burglar. 2.b) The burglar was chased by the police. Entailment---> the truth of one sentence necesarily implies that of the other 1.) mr. sellers killed his wife. 1b) Mrs. sellers i sdead. 2a.) mary is marks wife. 2b) mark is married Contradiction--- if one sentence is ture, the oter one is false 1.a) Chris is janes brother. 1.b) Jane is an only child. 2.a) charles is a bachelor. 2.b) charles is married. Presuppositon---> If a is true, then B is implicitly assumed to be rue 1.a) I regret leaving London. 1b) i left london
• Semantic roles among sentences Paraphrase two sentences have the same proposition 1a) mary sold a car to Tom 1b) tom bought a car from mary 2a.) the police chased the burglar. 2b) the burglar was chased by the police
• Semantic roles among sentences Entailement the truth of one sentence necessarily implies thata of the other 1a) mr. sellers killed his wife. 1.b ) mrs. sellers is dead. 2a.) mary is marks wife 2b) mark is married.  
• semantic roles among sentences contradiction if one sentence is true, the other one is false 1.a.) chris is janes brother. 1b) jane is an only child. 2.a.) charles is a bachelor. 2b) charles is married
• semantic roles aong sentences Presupposition! If a is true, then B is implicitly assumed to be true 1.a) I regret leaving LOndon 1b)  I left London
• experiencer Experiencer----> the entity that has the feeling/perception/stale described by the verb. Eg. The boy feels sad
• Theme Theme----> the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event. Eg. The boy kicked the ball
• agent Agent---> The on e who performs the action of the verb in an event. Eg. The boy kicked the ball
• Instrument Instrument-----> the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb E.g. the boy cut the rope with a raxor
• source Source -----> starting point of a movement E.g. The boy ran from the house.
• goal Goal---> endpoint of a movement. e.g. The boy walked to the mirror.
• Location Location ----> place at which entity/ action is located. Eg. The boy is sitting in the classroom.

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