Study of english (Fach) / Semantics 1 (Lektion)
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Semantics 1
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- What is semantics? -the study of the meaning of : -Words -Phrases -Sentences
- Word meaning is? 1) Arbitrary (The combination of sounds is arbitrary in sense that there is nothing special) 2)Conventional (word meaning is determined by the members of a language)
- Conceptual vs. Associative MEANING? E.g. Conceptual meaning: the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words: DENOTATION(Grundbedeutung) Associative meaning: the type of meaning that people mihgt connect with the use of words that isnot part of conceptual meaning= CONNOTATION (NEBENBEDEUTUNG) ->CULTURAL DETERMINED e.g. Poems: <winter> 1. meaning of season(denotation) 2. meaning of death (connotation) e.g. <woman> Conceptual: female, human, adult Associative: dress, longhair, emotion
- Words- Things? Words are only names for things (Jonathan swift)
- Dimensions of word meaning? How would you explain the meaning of chair? Reference,thought, word, symbol,concept,thing,Sense,denotation,Connotation, wich of them belongs together? Thought (concept) Symbol (word)Sense Connotation, Reference (thing) Denotation
- There is no direct connotation btw. sybol and referent because? There is no similarity between the word (soundchain) and the object it refers to
- The meaning of a word is......? Who was the linguist of this expression? The meaning of a word is its use in the language (Wittgenstein)
- -The set of entities a word can refer to -the qualities associated with those referents -relationship between words coexisting in a language -relationship tew. a linguistic expression and a mental category that is used to classify objects. Denotation- set of Connotation: the qualities.. Sense: relationship tew. words- coexisting Meaning: expression and a mental
- Semantic features? Words consist of semantic components Features can be treated as the basic elements involved in differentiating meaning of each word Atoms of word meaning basic coponents of word meaning
- Polysemy one form has multiple related meanings eg. head 1. of a person 2. of a nail 3. of an istitution
- Homonymy eg. bank, pupil, ear Specail cases, one form has two or more unrelated meanings eg. bank 1. of a river 2. financial istituation pupil 1. at school 2. in the eye ear Teh visible organ of hearing ->floppy ears (polysemy) the sense of hearing-> a good ear for Jazz (polysemy) spike that bears corn -> three ears of corn (homonymy)
- Homophony Two or more different forms have the same pronunciation Flower, flour night, knight die, dye
- Synonyms Are there true synonyms? Are word of different forms that have the same meaning Almost/nearly, big/large, freedom/liberty buy/purchase Only one meaning of polysemous words may have a synonym different contextual limitations indicate different semantic properties