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Describtive Phonetics (Fach) / Klausur (Lektion)
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- IPA International Phonetic Alphabet - represent sounds not spellingsa word’sspelling: pointy brackets < >
- Phonetics study of sounds
- Phonology study of the systems of sounds in a particular language
- Phonological knowledge “drucken“ “drücken“ - different meaning in german
- Broad/phonemic transcription: respresenting a word’s pronunciation in a way which is goodenough for a general readership - uses //
- Narrow/close/phonetic transcription: muchmore information + details, different styles andways of pronunciation are being represented - uses square brackets
- citation form: dictionary form which represents how a native speaker usually says the word outof context (can differ from the actual pronunciation du to the phonemes)
- phonemes theoretical sounds
- phones sounds that people actually make when speaking
- phoneme inventory - show important sounds in a language- German and English share the same one: /p/, /b/, /d/, /g/, but there is no /ʌ/ in German- tells us when we need to pay attention to our pronunciation difficulties and when we canrelax on account of the similiarities between the phoneme inventories
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- finding out the phoneme inventory on the basis of phonological opposition- contrastive analysis- minimal pairs: too words that differ only in one sound <cat> <rat> -> /k/ /ɺ/ are Englishphonemes (+ change of meaning)- <dude>: can be pronounced either /du:d/ or observed as |dy::::d| without a change ofmeaning; /u/ is part of the American phoneme inventory but the Germanvowel /y/ is not
- flapped t: pronounced like the phoneme /d/
- allophones phonemes that can be pronounced in different ways without changing meaning
- aspiration in /p/, /t/, /k/: <pet>, <tyrannosaurus>, <keep>-> producing that puffof air in the beginning of the sound-> but not if the same sounds appear at the end of a word <cap>, <cat>, <pack>
- complementary distribution a sound appearing in one position in a word will not appear inanother position- clear l: at the beginning of words <love>, <Lucy>before vowels- dark l: at the end of words <hold>, <ball>before consonants
- free variation: if it makes no difference in meaning whether one uses one sound or another
- General American GenAm or GA
- British English: BrE or BE (also called RP “received pronunciation“: British upper class)
- main distinguishing features between GA and BE is rhoticity:- BE speakers avoid pronouncing the letter <r> (like Germans do)- just a little /ɺ/pronunciation in the word <car>- in GA it is always pronounced when it appears in a word’s spelling- non rhotic varieties: Australian, Welsh, English, South Africans, New Zealanders- rhotic varieties: Canada, US, Ireland, Scotland, western parts of England (Devon,Cornwall
- speech functions on the basis of differences in air pressures
- pressure differences: created by the combination of the rigid rib cage and the diagraphmwhich moves up and down and acts upon the lungs which inn turn either fill with air or release it
- we speak while exhaling
- beginning and endpoints of the production of speech sounds digraphm is at the bottom + the mouth and nasal cavity are at the top
- once the airflow is pushed upward and out, it flows through the trachea and on to the glottis
- first stop we can influence our breath to make speech sounds is called the glottis
- where can /h/ appear? /h/can appear at the beginning of a word or in the middle: <Ohio> ; but it cannot appear at theend of a word (do not confuse it with names such as <Hannah>; transcription: /‚hænschwa/
- voiced sounds: vocal cords vibrating; jaw+skull+ear+ parts of the upper torso
- when the tissue around the glottis is set to rapid motion, we make voiced sounds such as /b/,/d/, /g
- voiceless sounds: vocal cords don’t vibrate
- continuing along with the air: we cannot make any speech sounds with or without the epiglottis
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- epiglottis important function of blocking the trachea so that food and drink do not fall into ourlungs
- hyoid bone: - unconnected with any other bones- lend structure and rigidity to the trachea- important for breathing, swallowing, speech- keeps upper airway open during sleep
- if the air goes straight up, it passes thenasal cavityand out of the nose to produce /m/, /n
- it the air goes through the oral cavity all other sounds that are not nasals can result
- passive articulators nasal cavity, teeth
- active articulators glottis
- obstruents are speech sounds formed by passing obstructing airflow obstruents contrasts with sonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate consonants (stops, affricates, fricatives)
- sonorants vowels as well as consonants (nasals {m; n}, liquids {l; r}, semivowels {j; w})•sonorants are speech sounds that are produced with continuous airflow in the vocal tract
- sibilants are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch made by directing a stream ofair with the tongue towards the teeth (words like: sip, zip, ship, genre) {s}, {z}, {ʃ}, {ʒ}->have a paralinguistic use in getting one’s attention („pssst!“, „shhhh!“)
- place and manner (how a sound is produced) of articulation
- approximant vowel-like in the openness of the vocal tract during its production
- homorganic sounds sounds that are produced in thesame place
- distinction on phonemic level: fortis: stronglenis: weak
- abducted spread apart
- An obstruent (/ˈɑːbstruːənt/) a speech sound formed by obstructing airflow, such as [k] or [f]•obstruents contrast with sonorants, which have no such obstruction•all obstruents are consonants
- A sonorant a speech sound with continuous, non-turbulent airflow•these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages•vowels are sonorants, as are nasals like [m] and [n], liquids like [l] and [r], and semivowelslike [j] and [w].•this set of sounds contrasts with the obstruents(stops, affricates and fricatives
- Liquids •a set of consonants consisting of•voiced lateral approximants like /l/•rhotics like /r/•(some Greek guy thought these sounds felt sticky)
- stress is created when muscle force is exerted by the diaphragm on the lungs, which in turnraises the air pressure in the vocal tract - then comes out of the mouth / nose
- sentence stress: use and context in which the stress is indicated
- shift stress in the noun <catastrophe> the stress falls on the second syllable, but if the nounbecomes an adjective the stress shiftsto the third syllable <catastrophic>•happens often with: words that end in <ese> or <teen>•adjectives starting with un-•adj + noun + ed: red haired, blue eyed