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Gerontology (Fach) / Chapter 3 (Lektion)

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• What is biological aging compared to psychological ageing ? Unline psychological aging, which includes both increments and decrements, biological aging generally involves decremental physical changes.
• How does biological aging develop ??? Biological aging is gradual and cumulative !
• morbidity Refers to illness and disease !
• Longevity Refers to lengh and duration of life
• Where is the difference between morbidity and mortality ? Morbidity refers to disease and illness and mortality refers to death ?
• What is the distinction between longevity, life expectancy and life span ? Longevity refers to lengh and duration of life. Life expectancy and life span are are two aspects of life.
• What are the two aspects of longevity ? Life expectancy and life span ?
• Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years people born in a specific year are expected to live.
• What factors influence life expectancy at birth ? Nutrition Sanitary conditions Medical care  
• How have the numbers for life expectancy at birth changed over the years ? In 1900 the LEaB was 50 years. From 1970 onwards it was 70 and linearly increasing.
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• How about the gender gap ? The gender gap was growing first however is declining nowadays due to man getting older. Same gender gap also prevalent in african americans
• What is the life expectancy at birth for african americans ? They are on average 6 years lower. However, they have the same gender gap for man and women.
• What is the hispanic paradox ? Those hispanics who migrated to america die later than those who are born in america.
• What does compression of mortality mean ? The human life span has stayed the same over the years. However human life expectancy has been increasing. Consequently, more people die at the very end of the human life span. Compression of mortality refers to a phenomenon whereby a greater proportion of deaths will occur during a very narrow time period towards the upper limit of the human life span. In other words, more and more people will live closer to the maximum life span.
• What are the reasons for the rectangular survival curve. The rectengular survival curves summarizes what is known about the human life span and the human life expectancy. Since life span stays the same and life expectancy is constancly increasing. There are more people dying at the end of the curve.
• What is compression of morbidity ? As we have found out life span does not change whereas life expectancy is increasing. That means more people die closer to the maximum life span. Does that also mean that disease shifs backwards ??? Ideally we would have people living a long life close to the maximum life span but also only get ill at the very last end.
• What does the rectangular survival curve show ? The rectangular survival curve illustrates that a larger proportion of people are approaching the maximum life span, so more individuals could become centenarians.
• What is primary aging ? Intrinsic unavoidable, biological process set in motion early in life Inevidable + universal Intrinsic senescence
• What is meant by senescence ? A term used to describe primary aging.
• Was bedeutet denn senescence ? Alterungsprozess
• What is secondary aging ? Refers to processes experienced by most but not necessarily all members of a species. Thus, it is neither inevitable nor universal. Secondary aging is associated with defects in biological functioning resulting from hostile environmental influences. -> Disease, disuse and abuse.
• What is programmed aging ? According to programmed aging, aging is controlled by a genetic blueprint !
• According to the chapter, what are the three theories of programmed theories of aging ? Cellular aging (Time clock Theory) The immune system Evolution
• According to the time clock theory, why do we age ? Cells only divide for a limited number of time!
• What are telomeres and what do they have to do with aging ? They are protective caps at the tail ends of the chromosomes located in each cell. Each time a cell divides they lose some length.
• What does immune theory say ? According to immune theory, the immune system is programmed to maintain its efficiency for a certain amount of time, after which it starts to decline.
• What does the evolutionary theory of aging say ? Humans are thought to rear their young. Once they reproduce and raise their offspring to independence, they have fulfilled their service in perpetuating the species.
• In contrast to the programmed theories, what do the stochastic theories say ? The programmed theories say that aging is predetermined by a genetical blueprint. Stochastic Theories focus on random damage to our vital system that occur with the  process of living. As damage accumulates, we cease to function efficiently and eventually life becomes impossible to sustain.
• How are stochastic theories and programmed theories related to primary and secondary aging ? Programmed Theories are closely related to primary aging. That is because primary aging describes that kind of aging that is unstoppable and inhereted in everyone. Since the programmed theory also sais that these biological mechanisms work in everybody, they belong together. The stochastic theories of biological aging are related to secondary aging say that during life some parts of the organism get used too much. This is closely related to secondary aging. Programmed Theories = Primary Aging Stochastic Theories = Secondary Aging          
• What are stochastic Theries of aging ? Errors Wear and Tear Stress Build up of damaging substances
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• What speaks in favour of the stochastic theories ? Dass selbst zwillinge mit gleichen Genen nicht gleich alt werden. Das spricht dafür, dass irgendwas im Körper ja unterschiedlich ablaufen muss.
• One of the stochastic theories is concerned with errors, what does it say ? Errors occur at the cellular level, resulting in the production of faulty molecules.  
• Where is the difference between wear and tear and error theory ?? Error theory sais that there are errors on the molecular level, wear and tear sagt, dass we begin life with a fixed amount of physical energy. If we expend it quickly we die early.
• Stress Theory When stressed the SNS + HPA axis results in hormone release. In older adults the HPA axis takes longer to return to a normal level following exposure to stress. Prolongued exposure can lead to high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
• According to the error theory, at what level does the error occur and what is the cause of that ? According to the error theory, errors happen on the cellular level leading to faulty molecules.
• What is the idea behind stochastic theories of biological aging ?? Stochastic Theories of biological aging focus on random damage to our vital systems that occurs with the process of living, so these theories are closely related to secondary aging.
• According to stochastic Theories of biological aging, why do we age ? They focus on random damage to our vital systems that occurs with the process of living. As damage accumulates. we cease to function efficiently and eventually life becomes impossible to sustain.
• Accoding to error theory, why do we die ? Errors occur on the cellular level, resulting in wrong molecules. Over time unrepaired damage builds up resulting in metabolic failure !
• What changes do occur in the brain as it grows older ? Lost of weight Shrinkage of brain volume More fluid filled spaces in the brain itself Reduction of number of neurotransmitters Neurons die after age 30 Aging brains accumulate neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques Atrophy of dendrites    
• Older peoples health may not be that good anymore. How is measured to what degree that affects their everyday life ? Activities of daily living test (basic) Instrumental activities of daily living test (advanced)  

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