31
Gerontology (Fach) / Lecture2 (Lektion)
Anzeige
- What is the job of metamodels ? It is a particular viewpoint about the nature of the universe in general and about developmental phenomena in particular. It guides researchers belief about which area to study . They provide a framework for theories and hypotheses, research design, samples and methods
- What are the three metamodels? - Mechanistic - Organismic - Contextual
- Why may researchers findings conflict ? Researchers may work with different metamodels in their mind. That makes their outcomes vary among each other. Furthermore, data is never really objective because its always driven by a viewpoint !
- Researchers that hold the mechanistic model examine what ? Organisms reaction to external forces !
- The three models that are mentioned are models for what ? Human development that either comes from the outside or from the insight !
- Why does the organismic metamodel say that development is goal directed ? Because the development originates from within the individual and is aiming at something.
- Does the contextual model say that there is an endpoint or that there is no endpoint ? There is no endpoint. The organism and the environment are in continual interaction. Rather than one single end goal, there are multiple pattern of development, both quantitative and qualitative !
- Researchers who hold die contextual Metamodel often look beyond the age variable. Yoah. machn die halt !
- What are the six features of the life span developmental approach of Baltes ? Development occurs over the entire life span Embedded in historical context Multidimensional, multidirectional, multicausal Multidisciplinary Gains + Losses (Assumption of SOC model) Development is plastic
- According to the Life- Span Developmental Perspective ! Behavior is a product of the individual as well as of the environment !
- Anzeige
- The age variable The age variable can be treated as a cartegorical or as a continuous variable.
- What are the problems when you treat age is a categorical variable ? Just calling one group 65+ may have a too great heterogeneity. Comparing results of two studies that differ greatly in the upper boundary of the older age category can be questionalble.
- What is the problem with an extreme age group design ??? If the older group were to earn lower scores we wouldnt be able to tell whether that is happening gradually or if its more complex.
- Researchers cannot control or manipulate the age variable. Why not ? Because its an organismic variable that is inherent in the individual.
- According to the life span- developmental approach what is considered especially important with regard to the study of individuals. With regard to individuals one should take an intraindividual observation to discover intraindividual change. Since each individual is assumed to develop individually it'd be of special interest to see change within one individual.
- What are three factors in aging research ? Age Cohort Time of Measurement
- With regard to "time of measurement" what factors can be influenced by research conducted at two different times ? The Individuals life circumstances (E.g. marriage, divorce etc.) Changes in test methods Persons working on research projects can change over time Societal attitudes and philosophies can change over time
- Which research designs are mentioned ? Cross sectional design Longitudinal design Time lag design -> Sequential designs
- "Age related differences" belong to which research design ? It belongs to Cross sectional design the other sais "age related changes". In a Cross Sectional Design, we take (say) three groups. If we discover a difference we can say that it may be related to the different ages. However, age and cohort are entangles in this design. So we cannot be sure if age really is the problem.
- Merken The results of cross sectional studies allow researchers to make descriptive statements.
- To which research design belong "age related changes "? To longitudinal designs because we measure the same individuals over time. If the values we gather are different, we can say that the individuals have changed. However, age and time of measurement are confounded.
- What are further drawbacks in longitudinal designs ? Learning effect (Therefore, measurements should be far apart from each other) Drop out Attrition (not a problem if it is random) / Selectrive attrition)
- In a time lag design. When is what sampled ?? ? All people that are sampled have the same age. However the data is taken in different years. So say we take a few 40 year olds in 2000 and a few 40 years old in 2005 !
- Is a time lag design a developmental design ? No because all the people who are studies have the same age.
- What are the confounding factors in a time lag study ? Cohort + Time of measurement !
- What is the name of those measurement designs that are trying to disentangle the confounding factors ? Sequential Designs.
- Which of the three sequential designs is going to be part of the exam ? Cohort- Sequential Design. Its supposed to control for the cohort effect.
- How does the cohort- sequential design work ??? We take cross- sectional AND longitudianl studies. Also eigentlich nehmen wir halt einfach zwei dicke longitudinal studies und lassen die nebeneinander laufen, gestarted an zwei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten !
- what is important with regard to reliability ? Test- Retest reliability Interrater reliability Reliability may have been established with young adults (reliability must be established for all age groups) Is not only important for single measurement instruments but also
- What has heterotypic continuity to do with internal validity ? When we are trying to measure an underlying behavior with obvious behavior, we have to determine wheter the obvious behavior is the same for old and young people. Because if its not then the measurement is only valid for one age group but not for the other!
- Anzeige
- How are sampling and validity connected ? The way a sample is gathered can affect internal and external validity !