Gerontology (Fach) / Chapter1 (Lektion)

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• Which are three important persons in the study of aging ? Gumpertz, Quetelet, Galton
• What is the difference between Geriatrics and Gerontology Geriatrics is a branch of medicine and it deals with disease related subjects of aging. Gerontology is the study of the biological , behavioral and social phenomena from the point of maturity in healthy people.
• What are three reasons to study aging ? 1) Scientific 2) Personal 3) Practical
• Why is "scientific reasons" a reason to study aging ? The knowledge so far is based on scientific data of young peole. In order to validate such findings, we need to look into older adults data.
• Who is the first person who was doing research on gerontology mentioned in the book and what did he do ? In 1835 he wrote a book about various stages of life. He only took physical and behavioral charakteristics into account.   100 years later Charlotte Bühler also wrote about the whole life span. However, she took biological and psychological processes into account.
• Which book is seen as the foundation of life span developmental psychology ? The book charlotte Bühler wrote in 1933.
• When did the scientific study of aging really begin ? In America in the 1930s 1940s but it was disruped by the second world war !
• What is developmental psychology ?? Developmental psychology, also known as human development, is the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire life span. This field examines change across a broad range of topics including motor skills and other psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and self-concept and identity formation. 3 major contexts to consider when analysing child psychology are: social context, cultural context, and socioeconomic context. Developmental psychology includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, or the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures versus learning through experience. Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development; others take a more narrowly-focused approach.
• What is meant by subjective age ? The chronologcal age that people set to mark the onset of old age. Usually peoples opinion about what age is to be considered old varies over the life span. The older they themselves get, the later they set the onset to old age. As adults become older chronologically, the gap between their chronological age and their subjective age becomes wider.  
• Interindividual variability vs. Intraindividual change Interindividual variability heisst, dass man die Gruppe von alten Menschen nicht alle über einen Kamm scheren darf und es große unterschiede zwischen alten Menschen gibt. Intradindividual change wird im zusammenhang mit der Life- Span Developmental perspective genannt. Das bedeutet, dass jedes individuum sich in einem individuellen stil entwickelt und sich dieser auch über den Verlauf des Lebens ändert. Daher ist es wichtig den Leuten über ihr Leben hinaus zu folgen.  
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• What kind of variable is "age" ? An organismic variable.
• Can an organismic variable be manipulated or controlled ? No.
• We may often find that a certain age can be associated indicate certain behavior, solve problems in particular ways , have certain feelings, talk about special topics more etc etc. However, we cannot conclude that chronological age causes them to b -keine-
• With age, why cant we make cause- effect relationship statements when we detect that a certain feature is observed in an age group. Because age is confounded with other variables. Because we cannot control and manipulate for age, we cannot make cause- effect relationships.
• What are names for older adults ?   - Older Adults, Elderly [Old + Elderly often used for old-old and oldest old where elderly often refers to fragile old people.] - Retired American [Often used inappropriately ] -the aged ,senior citizen ,older American - Chronologically challenged, Chronologically gifted, chronologically advantaged [Jokes muhaha] Older adults > senior citizens > the aged
• Is ageism always negative ? Yes. Like sexism and racism is ageism also negative. It refers to the set of ideas and beliefs that are associated with discrimatory attitudes directed towards older adults. It implies negative beliefs or stereotypes about older adults as a group.
• What are the features of ageism ? Low expectations about older peoples cognitive, personal or social capabilities.
• What kind of stereotypes do people hold about older adults ? Multiple stereotypes about older adults, some negative others positive.
• What are ageism, compassionate stereotypes and new ageism ? Ageism is about the negative stereotypes and discriminatory attitutes that we have towards older adults. Compassionate stereotypes and new ageism hängen wohl etwas mehr zusammen. Compassionate stereotypes foster a view of older adults as helpless and in need of advocacy. New ageism means that people have an overly caring attitude towards older adults including the opinion that live changing decisions should be made without them.
• What is demography? The scientific study of populations. It focusses on broad groups within a population (say older adults) or sometimes across different populations ( so older adults in africa and older people in japan).
• What do demographers study ? They study populations. They focus on big groups within that population. They study size, growth and migration pattern of those groups. Furthermore they study age, gender, marital status, living arrangement, health educational level, economic level and geographical distribution.
• Demographic descriptions are usually expressed as what ... ? Statistical measures. Das macht auch sinn, wenn die eine gruppe untersuchen und dann auf so sachen wie age , marital status und health eingehen. Dann sagen die halt: ja im durchschnitt sind die so und so alt und ... oder so und so viele leute sind krank...
• In which countries are the percentage of 65+ individuals highest and in which lowest ? According to page 14. Only 3% in Africa and 16 % in Europe. So in Europe highest and in africa lowest.
• What do " stages of transition" mean. How many are there and what do they mean each ? Unter dem Begriff Demografischer Übergang wird in der Demografie der Versuch zur Erklärung von Veränderungen in der Bevölkerungsentwicklung von Staaten bzw. Gesellschaften verstanden. Das Modell des demografischen Übergangs (auch Theorie des demografischen Übergangs oder aus dem Englischen Demografische Transformation) ist im wissenschaftlichen Sinn keine Theorie, sondern eine modellhafte Beschreibung des Übergangs von hohen zu niedrigen Sterbe- und Geburtenraten und dem daraus resultierenden veränderten natürlichen Bevölkerungswachstum. The chapter describes this development in terms of the older age group. There are four stages of transition mentioned in the book. Preindustrialized societies: A lot of babies + no old people More industrialized: A lot of babies + more old people. Size of population grows but young children still predominate.    Even more industrialized: Fewer babies + more old people. Growth rate is slower.    Very Industrialized: Very few babies + a LOT old people. Extremely low birth as well as death rates.  
• What is the internal validity of a research study ??????? There are Internal validity External Validity Ecological Validity Internal validity refers to accurate identification and interpretation of the factors or effects, responsable for an observation. This is related to the confounding factors. Say we got a certain result. as it is a study about aging we would like to know that age is the reason for the differences. However , if cohort or time of measurement could also possibly be related to the result then the internal validity is threatened.   
• What is external validity about ? There are Internal validity External Validity Ecological Validity External validity answers the question if the results are generalizable.
• What is ecological validity ? There are Internal validity External Validity Ecological Validity Ecological validity is concerned with the question whether the test instrument that measures something psychological gives also good information about real world functioning.
• Heterotypic Continuity Refers to whether a measure used to assess an underlying characteristic has the same degree of internal validity for different age groups in a cross sectional study or for the same people as they are followed over time in a longitudinal study. An example for that would be a depression questionaire that asks questions about physical symptoms to assess the level of depression. Where these physical symptoms may indeed indicate depression in younger adults they may not do the same in elderly people since they are a bit more tired and a bit more hungry or so anyway.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
• Ecological Validity is a special concern with regard to what ? Intelligence tests because they think that measuring intelligence will predict your school or academic performance but not what you do in real life. However, older adults do not go to school anymore, therefore an intelligence test would usually not say a lot about how they are doing in real life. However, the tests mentioned may not predict real life functioning very well.
• What are influences on the individual during his or her developemtn? Normative age graded influence: Events that happen to almost all people at a certain stage of life. History graded influence: Events or mental climate that surrounds us. This is dependend on the cohort Non-normative life events
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• What is normative age graded influence ? A certain Chronological age is often associated with  biological and environmental events. Such as menopause and period onset (biological) or  when people go to school and retire. These latter ones are related to culture.
• What are history graded influences as opposed to age related influences ? With age related influences one has to think about the chronological age first and ask then what would be normal for that age with regard to biological stuff and events. However with history, we take the sourrounding of the person into account such as epidemics , wars, state of economy and sociocultural influences and the philosophy about various different areas. Also, changes in these influences can be triggered by historical events.  

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