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Culture Studies (Fach) / Critical terms and concepts (Lektion)

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• global village Marshall McLuhan 1960's media can connect people all over the world into geographically dispersed communities giving collective sense of a village created by instant electronic communication decribes contemporary crazyness of media events and connections created by people over distances through communication technologies
• Graphical User Interface design in computer software 1980's web, use of graphics instead of texts
• Guerilla television used by video artists and activists alternative video practices 1960's television technology to show tapes opposzitional to the mainstream style and politics of TV shot by participants in political movements
• Habitus Pierre Bordieu unconscious dispositions, strategies of classification, tnedencies that are part of and´individual's taste and prefernces for cultural consumption taste derived from class position, educational background, family context different social classes have different Habitus
• Hegemony Antonio Gramsci thinks away from false consciousness and passive social sunjects towars human subjects as active agents dominant ideologies are often seen as common sense dominant ideologies are in tension with other forces and constantly in flux how ideologic meaning is an object of struggle
• High/low culture high culture - culture that only an elite can appreciate, classical art/music, literature low culture - commercially produced mass culture distinction heavily criticized by theorist since 1980's for its elitism and condescending of popular consumer as a passive viewer without taste
• Hybridity anything of mixed origins contemporary theory describes people whose identities are influenced and dreived from many different cultural origins, ethnicities, sexualities describe siasporic cultures of many places
• Hyperreal Jean Baudrillard world in which codes of reality are used to simulate reality when no referent exists in real world simulation of reality in which elements function to point out their "realness" postmodern: use of naturalistic effects in advertisement
• Hypertext format for presenting text and images, basis of the web allows user to mive from one text,page, website to another thorugh hyperlinks
• Hypodermic effect viewers are passive recipients of media messages with media ideology viewers have impression of participating in a public culture --> passive viewing has replaced social and political action
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• Icon originally religious image with sacred value contemporary meaning --> image/person something beyonds its individual components acquires symbolic significance perceived to represent universal concepts, emotions, meanings
• Iconic sign Charles Peirce semiotics signs with signifier and signified
• Identification psychological process one forms a cond with an aspect or attribute of another person and is transformed through it experiences of viewer when watching a film cinematic identification -->with person on the screen or cinematic apparatus itself in complex ways, do not always fit to social identities
• Ideology shared set of values and beliefs within a given society through which individuals live out their relations to social institutions and structures seem natural, everyday life like marxist theory : Marx: imply social system in which masses are instilled with dominant ideology of ruling class-->false consciousness Althusser: unconsciusly constituted as subjects by ideology gives us a sense of our place in the world Gramsci:hegemony
• Imperialsim refers to pratice of nations aim to extend their boundaries into new territories, dominating them colonization marxist: mean through which capitalism extends its power by creating new markets and new labor forces cultural imperialism: how ways of life are exported into other territories through cultural products and popular culture
• impressionism art style late 19th century emphasis on light and color nature as unstable and changeable foreground =brushstroke same scene a few times, to show how the light changes it
• Indexical sign semiotics physical causal connection between signifier and signified because both existed at some pint within the same physical space (smoke from a buliding=index of fire, photograph)
• Interpellation Louis Althusser ideological systems call out social subjects and tell them their place in the system ways that cultural products address their consumers and recriut them into a ideological position
• Interpretant 3 part system of signification interpretant is thought or mental effect produced by the relationship between the object and its representation equivalent of signified
• Intertextuality referencing of one text within another in popular culture: incorporation of meanings of one text within another in a reflexive fashion assume that the viewer knows the things referred
• Irony deliberate contradiction between literal meaning of something and intended meaning a context in whichappearance and reality are in conflict key figure of postmodern style
• Kitsch art or literature judged to have no aesthetic value yet value-->status as standards of bad taste also refer to cultural object and images that interpellate viewers in easy codes of sentimentalism
• Lack Lacan, psychoanalysis essential aspect of human psyche from moment of birth an seperation from mother subject is lacking because it believes itself to be a fragment of something larger second stage acquisition of language human sense always wants something out of its reach, unaittanable is the result of lack pleasure through others, no person that can truly satosfy that feeling of lack Freudian theory: woman's lack of penis/phallus
• Marked/unmarked unmarked (norm), marked (other)
• Marxist theory Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels combines political economy + social critique
• Mass culture/Mass society l
• Mass media media designed to reach mass audiences work in union to create specific dominant or popular representations of events, peoples and places not computer or internet (do not involve mass audiences in the same way
• Master narrative framework aims to comprehensively explain all aspects of a society or world
• means of production marxist theory: machines, tools, plants, equipment...through which humans tranform natural material into goods, services and information for the market small scale agricultural society: individual farmers, growing their own produce + constructing their own tools industrial capitalism: large-sclae mass production of goods in factories late capitalism: production of information and media products and services marcist theory:those who own the means of production are also in control of the ideas that circulate in a society's media industries
• Medium/Media form in which artistic or cultural products are made or a form through which messages pass art: art materials used communictaion: means of mediation or communication-intermediary form through which messages are transmitted specific technologies through which messages are transmitted the media-->describes constellation of media industries that together influence public opinion
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• Medium is the message Marshall McLuhan ways that media forms hold meanings apart from messages medium affects content -->extension of our individual bodies message cant be understand or evaluated unless first taking in account the medium through which it is received medium has the power to impose its structural character and assumptions upon all levels of our private and social lives
• Metacommunication discussion or exchange in which the topic is the exchange taking place itself "meta" level = reflexive leve of communicating texts in which the topic is the viewer's act of viewing the text
• Mimesis representation as a process of mirroring/imitating merely reflecting critized because not taking into consideration how terms of representation shape our interpretation and understanding of what we see
• Mirror phase stage of development in which the infant experiences a sense of alienation realizes its seperation from others 6-8 months, ego-building by looking at mirror body image also other body mirror images basis of alienation, pushes them to grow useful framework-->understanding of emotion and power invested by viewers in images
• Modernism set of styles in late 19th and early 20th century questions traditions and conventions of representation emphasize and esposition of materiality of form, conditions of production role of autho/painter as producer breaking with past form over content attention to structure and function
• Modernity time+worldview 18th century with enlightenment height late 19th and ealry 20th centuries concentration on urban centers industrial societies of increased mechanization and automation dramatic technological change progress as crucial to humankind's prosperity optimistic view of future anxiety about change and social upheaval embrace of technology and progress sense of revolutionary change
• Montage editing techniques, usually film, that combine images in a sequence in order to indicate the passages of time often done by special editors, rapid passage of time soviet montage=combination of images indicated clas or tension through juxtaposition of different elements or scenes
• Morphing computer imaging process one image superimposed onto another -->thrid image
• Myth Barthes ideological meaning of a sign expressed through connotation hidden set of rules, codes and conventions-->meanings are rendered universal and given for a certain society connotative meaning appear denotative (real)
• Narrowcast media limited range to reach audiences more specific programmes cable television channels for specific communities (municipal channels)
• Negotiated reading Stuart Hall consumers accept some aspects of dominant reading most readings struggle with sominant meanings modify them becuase of social status, beliefs, values
• Neoliberalism belief that market exchange and economic liberalism should be ethical guides of human behaviour key value system of global capitalism since the 1970's
• Noeme photography quality to indicate a "that has been status" power of image comes from depicting what really has been there originally derived from phenomenology
• Objective/objectivity state of being unbiased, based on facts usually reffering to scientific, rational ways of understading the world involve a mechanical process of measurement and judgement objecitivity of photographs??
• Oppositional reading total rejection of dominant meaning of a cultural product disagreeing, ignoring, appropriating, changing
• Orientalism Edward Said ways western culture see eastern cultures as different qualities such as exoticism and barbarism Occident, Orient negative, romanticized qualities (arab people as fanatic terrorists - stereotype)
• The Other subjectitvity in a binary opposition to the dominant subject categorie in a culture disempowered a foil against which the dominant subject may understand himself better Freudian: Mother=mirror-like other-->child comes to understand itself as individual
• Overdetermination Marxist theory case in which different factors work together--> make meaning of a social situation undergo a substantive shift or not
• Panopticism Michel Foucault modern subjects regulate their own behaviour borrowed form jeremy brentham's idea of a panoptic prison  in modern society we behave as if we were under pinoptoc gaze -->follow the rules of society, because we think somebody watches us
• Parody cultural production makes fun of serious works humor, satire keep some of the original elements(characters...) key strategy of postmodern style not just postmodern

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