Entwicklungspsychopathologie (Fach) / Altklausurfragen (Lektion)
In dieser Lektion befinden sich 48 Karteikarten
Altklausurfragen
Diese Lektion wurde von PsychoStudyKo erstellt.
- Epigenetic processes refer to . . . A) the fact that ... C) variations in behavior that are due to different qualities of experiences which affect gene expression.
- What is new in Belsky's "differential susceptibility" ... A) Individuals high in susceptibility showed better outcomes in positive environment than "ordinary" individuals.
- When using an etic approach in studying psychopathology ... A) underestimated.
- A researcher, conducting a prospective longitudinal ... A) To investigate whiter induced change of precursors result in shifting individuals to other trajectories.
- Past adversities play a role in effects of current ... B) reduce the threshold of responses to current adversities. (C -> protective factors moderate the effect size of current adversitites)
- What moderates the effect size of current adversities? ... Protective factors - by acting as buffers for risks.
- In what model are environmental vulnerabilities are ... Diathese-Stress-Modell
- What does the Differential Susceptibility Model say? ... Children differ in their susceptibility to the effect of positive and negative environments. Children that perform worse in negative environments also perform better in positive environments compared ...
- Please name two sets of methods used in resilience ... Methoden der Resilienzforschung: (2 Ansätze) (1) multivariate Variablen-fokussierter Ansatz (2) Personen-fokussierter Ansatz
- Please describe and give one example of a set of methods ... Variablen-fokussierter Ansatzo Analyse der Effekte sich kumulierender Risikofaktoren o Eine Möglichkeit dies zu untersuchen, wäre eine multiple Regression, mit dem Versuch die Ausreißer außerhalb ...
- Please describe and give one example of a set of methods ... 2) Personen-fokussierter Ansatzo Haben eine lange Geschichte. Hat begonnen mit Einzelfalldarstellungen in früheren Jahrhunderten.o Figure 2: Masten & Obradovic, 2006o Stellt die Entwicklung ...
- Please describe and give one example of a set of methods ... 2) Personen-fokussierter Ansatzo Haben eine lange Geschichte. Hat begonnen mit Einzelfalldarstellungen in früheren Jahrhunderten.o Figure 2: Masten & Obradovic, 2006o Stellt die Entwicklung ...
- What are the key principles of developmental psychopathology? ... - Developmental Principle - Normative Principle - System Principle - Gene-Environment Principle - Multilevel Principle - Agency Principle - Communality Principle - Longitudinal Principle - Causality Principle ...
- Please describe the social information processing ... Aus einem Cascadenmodell 1) Encoding -> Hypervigilance for negative social cues (selective attention) 2) Making attributions -> behavior of others is ofter interpreted as hostile 3) Generating responses ...
- How do peer rejection and Social Information Processing ... Defizite der kognitiven Verarbeitung sozialer Reize als proximaler Faktor und Ablehnung durch Peers als distaler Faktor für aggressives Verhalten. Bidirektionaler Zusammenhang -> beeinflussen sich gegenseitig ...
- Please name and describe the two sets of methods used ... Multivariate variable-focused models: Multiple regression analysis and explanation of off-gradient cases (outliers) -> risk gradients -> Why are people under circumstances of a lot risk still having ...
- How is the role of risk factors explored? - temporal precedence (which of A & B comes first?) - correlation (are A & B correlated?) - dominance (which is most potent in achiving O?)
- What is a causal risk factor? A causal risk factor is one that when changed via an intervention changes the outcome.
- How can risk factors behave to each other? Proxy (strong) vs. distale (weak) overlapping (correlated and co-dominant) vs. independent mediator moderator
- What are protective factors? (+ Example!) Protective factors are specific, not just the flip side of risk factors. Protective factors diminish the effect of risk factors or even make it nil. In the case of no risk factors they have no additional ...
- What are upward and downward cascades? Upward (gene-environment interplay): genetic -> neural -> behavioural -> social -> former ecological intervention follow this pathway Downward (initiated by biological imbedding of experience): negative ...
- What are Cascade Models? Cascade models attempt to map mechanisms through which early risk factors affect subsequent outcomes over the course of development (“spill-over” from one domain to another) -> enables to plan interventions ...
- How do epigenetic processes manifest? By changing the transcription of genes and the accessibility of DNA rapidly and reversibly: - histone acethylation (Histon-Acethylierung) (increasing) - DNA & histone methylation (Methylierung) decreasing ...
- What epigenetic effects were observed? - prenatal environmental exposures - postnatal mother-infant interactions - juvenile social rearing - adult social stress (via DNA methylation and hisotne acethylation / methylation: long-term consequences ...
- What is puberty? Def.//lat. pubertas: process of sexual maturation during adolescence. Medical definition of puberty = Time in which child’s sexual and physical characteristics mature. It occurs due to hormone changes. ...
- What are the characteristics of psychopathology in ... 1) affect and behavioral disorders show an increase in prevalence (e.g., major depressive disorder changes prevalence from 5% to 10% over early adolescence); most disorders have onset during adolescence ...
- What is self-control and what does it predict? lack of control, impulsive aggression, lack of persistence, impulsivity, inattention Prediction: difficulties in self-control in the first decade of life predict differences in health, wealth, and crime ...
- What is Laurence Steinbergs central argument? Disjunctions in biology, cognitive capability, and contextual demands create vulnerabilities to difficulties and disorder, especially those that require such self regulation (e.g. depression, antisocial ...
- How are difficulties and disorders related to self-regulation ... In early adolescence the regulatory system is not yet fully developted. under regulation -> conduct disorders inappropriate regulation -> depression due to rumination
- How does self-regulation during adolescence change? ... neuro-behavioral changes of puberty (stronger subjective emotions and motivations) -> new challenges to self-regulation (regulation by scaffolding -> internal regulation) -> social contacts can compensate ...
- What is todays view on the role of context? - role is non-specific (no solid link between specific condition and specific dysfunction) - risk is cumulative (more risk factors embark greater risk for developing problem behavior) - contexts are linked ...
- What is todays view on the role of context? - role is non-specific (no solid link between specific condition and specific dysfunction) - risk is cumulative (more risk factors embark greater risk for developing problem behavior) - contexts are linked ...
- What is todays view on the role of context? - role is non-specific (no solid link between specific condition and specific dysfunction) - risk is cumulative (more risk factors embark greater risk for developing problem behavior) - contexts are linked ...
- What are coercive cycles? = problem in family management (main strategy: coercion - unwanted behaviors are met with adverse reactions) Child learns antisocial behavior. Eltern reagieren auf aversives Verhalten (Kind hört nicht) ...
- What is deviancy training? Children get trained in antisocial behavior by exchanging knowledge and ideas with others. Positive reinforcement (sometimes explicitely "that's a great idea", often implicit - smiling, saying nothing) ...
- What are examples of risk factors for drug abuse? - early behavioural problems - low parental supervision - low social competencies - early drug experimentation - availability - low community ressources
- What are examples of protective factors for drug abuse? ... - high self-control - high support and supervision by parents - personal and social competencies - academic achievement - anti-drug rules at school - ressources and support within the community
- What are gender-typical risks for early and high alcohol ... male: - low education of parents - rural region female & male: - high family use - low family support - behavioral problems at school female: - high BMI, early puberty - deviant peers
- What are recommendations for policy making? 1) Policy should be based on scientific evidence -> negative effects of peer aggregation (deviant groups) should be acknowledged (not just mean effects discussed - who got worse / better / stayed the ...
- What are recommendations for policy making? 1) Policy should be based on scientific evidence -> negative effects of peer aggregation (deviant groups) should be acknowledged (not just mean effects discussed - who got worse / better / stayed the ...
- What can we learn with regard to the prevention of ... My answer: Physical, hormonal & sex-specific changes during the time of puberty are universal around the world and come with certain universal challenges (such as changes in. How they are interpreted ...
- What are examples for normative and non-normative ... normative: - school changes, retirement, starting & ending a relationship non-normative: - trauma (loosing a parent early, getting raped), very early start of puberty
- What is the cumulative change hypothesis? School transition around age 12 and physical changes come together and create problems.
- How do you deal with the physical changes of puberty? ... - individuation from your parents - selecting (new) peers - form your identity
- What historical trend can be seen in adolescence? upward trend - eating disorders - risk-taking behavior - suicide
- Was ist Entwicklungspsychopathologie? Entwicklungspsychopathologie ist die Untersuchung des Verhaltens und der Anpassung in einem Entwicklungskontext (Masten, 2006), d.h. einer Situation von altersbedingten Veränderungen der psychosozialen Funktions- und Verhaltensabläufe. ...
- Cascades: What are methodological problems? 1) require longitudinal data with repeated measurements of multiple domains or levels of functioning across time 2) need to control for across-time continuity and within-time covariance (we dont want ...
- What is the most relevant attachment style for developing ... Disorganized attachment - child was massively ignored and neglected