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Trade and Logistics (Fach) / Fragen 1-25 (Lektion)

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• 2) Expectations of deregulation in road transport - lower transport prices (fares) - change in a model split - limitation of administration and bureaucracy in transport
• 1) Assumptions and reasons of deregulation? Assumptions:  - Macroeconomic theory: Neoliberalism - Logistics Reasons: - Transport became more competitive  - Competition is more efficient than monopoly - Competition is necessary for improvements - logistics became more effective
• 3) Effects of deregulation in road transport - lower fares - better efficiency of road transport activities - decline of rail activities - increase of bankruptcies in the industry - lower wages (of drivers) - worse safety on roads
• 4) Deregulation in ECM/EU road transport - by January 1989 all forms of tariff control in international transport were canceled - by the end of 1992, all limits in international transport were canceled - in 1997 all restrictions in cabotage were canceled 
• 5) Effects of deregulation in airline industry - low-cost airlines - lower prices - express delivery
• 6) Explain the "hub and spokes" system Under the direct-route, or point-to-point, system used prior to deregulation, airlines were forced by the federal government to fly directly between two small markets. This resulted in many flights that were routinely half empty, which resulted in airlines losing money. Today, most airlines have at least one central airport that their flights have to go through. From that hub, the spoke flights take passengers to select destinations.
• 7) Deregulation in ECM/EU airline industry -3 liberalization packages from 1987-1997 - open sky rule - low cost airlines
• 8) Why the low-cost airlines are inexpensive 1) Tickets are only sold via the internet --> lack of offices and other facilities in order to save money 2) Non-stop flights --> Between each flight just 30-45 minutes are followed for changeover In essence, time is expensive for low-cost airlines and therefore these airlines must ensure there planes keep moving in order to make money.
• 9) Act on Road transport of September 6, 2001 - Access to profession - Access to the market  - non-public road transport (own-use) - state road inspection was established 
• 10) Conditions of license and permit in road transport in Poland License and permit can be granted if: - owners or members were not convicted for certain crimes - one of the owners or members of the management has a certificate of professional competencies - company has financial guarantees - drivers have qualification certificates - company have a legal title to vehicles (trucks and cars) Permits are granted by starosta (chief of the county) licences are granted by international transport office at the state road inspection
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• Directive 91/440 - independent management of rail companies (Art 4-5) - separation of infrastructure management from operational activities (Art 6-8) - to resolve rail companies financial situation (Art 9) - opening of domestic infrastructure to foreign companies (Art 10)
• 12) III rail package Directive of EU parliament and council on rail development - basic element of this document is proposition of opening of the international passenger market in EU by 2010; which allows performing activities by different rail carriers on the same route. That should increase competition and quality of servies Directive of EU parliament and council of train drivers - issuing certificates to train drivers conducting locomotives on the EU rail network - introducing common certification system to verify competencies and qualifications personnel to carry trains Directive of EU parliament and council on rights and obligations of passengers in rail traffic - compensations for delays (including those which happened not from carriers fault) - detailed information (on delays, changes in rail traffic) and responsibility for the passengers and luggage
• Organizational systems of European rail German Rail - Until 1990, Germany was divided into two parts: West Germany (Deutsche Bundesbahn) and East Germany (Deutsche Reichsbahn) - In 1994, Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn were formally reunited to form the Deutsche Bahn Aktiengesellschaft - since 1999, DBAG has a holding structure British Rail - Britain's railway system was built by private companies (--> division of rail) - Between 1994 and 2002 the infrastructure was owned and operated by Railtrack - 2002: Railtrack was sold and renamed to Network Rail - Network Rail is a public body of the Department for Transport French Rail - SNCF is France's national state-owned railway company since 1938 - in 1997, RFF was formed with the rail assets of SNCF - However, in 2014 RFF was placed again under the control of SNCF - SNCF is wholly owned by the French state
• 14) Process of privatization of road transport in Poland - Effects of the Act on the economic activity of 1989 - increase of private sector - restructuring of the state road transport companies - 1990 division of PKS companies and decentralization of specialized transport Process of privatization included: - sales of the vehicles to the drivers - privatization based on Act from July 13, 1990 - Transforming into shareholding companies including employees shareholding - Establishment of transport cooperatives - Rental system in state and cooperative companies
• 14) Process of privatization of road transport in Poland Difficulties in privatization were because of: - the difficult financial situation of the state companies - relatively large value of properties - lack of innovations of the management  - lack of clear legal status of properties - decline of the state companies position
• 15) Act on commercialization, restructuring, and privatization of PKP (Sept 8, 2000) - Financial restructuring: the securitization of obligations on shares of privatized companies, emission of bonds, credits - Assets and properties restructuring: sell of assets, shutdown some lines - Employment restructuring:  earlier pensions, severance payments, re-training - Organizational and legal restructuring: Commercialization of PKPP - Rail transport agency (regulator)
• 16) Act on rail transport of March 28, 2003 - Rules for making use of rail infrastructure - Rules of operations in rail traffic - Technical conditions of rail vehicles - Rules and instruments of rail transport activity - Rules of dangerous goods transport - to make available access to the rail infrastructure and the fees for that 
• 17) Conventions and regulations in international road transport - Vienna convention (1968, PL 1988) - international treaty on general rules of road traffic  - Convention CMR - describes international bill of lading  - Convention ADR - regulate the transport of dangerous goods - Convention TIR - regulate transit of goods in international transport - Convention ATP - transport of perishable goods - Convention AETR - on labour (working) time of drivers - Umowa INTERBUS - on international passenger transport 
• 18) AGC, AGN, AGR, AGTC conventions - AGC - European agreement on main international rail lines - AGN - European agreement on main inland waterways of international importance - AGR - European agreement on main road transport lines - AGTC - European agreement on main intermodal lines EU 
• 19) EU TEN-T programme - "Trans-European Transport Networks" - TEN-T - EU-programme on road, rail waterways and air network - TEN-T is part of a wider system of Trans-European Networks (TENs) - Responsible EU agency TEN-T EA Network consists of: - 58.000 km motorways - 70.000 km railroad lines - 12.000 km inland waterways
• 20) White-Paper of 2011 The European Commission adopted a roadmap to a Single European Transport Area to build a competitive and resource-efficient transport system Defined goals: - Run-off "bottlenecks" - Reduction of the dependency on imported oil - alternative sources of energy  - Reduction of gas emission by 60% - New technologies - Infrastructure improvement - New sources of financing - sustainable transport growth  - Political coherence at EU level - Improvement of energy efficiency of vehicles - optimization of international multimodal logistics chains  - Better use of transport infrastructure due to better management and information systems - Better systems integration - Emphasis on environment
• 21) Airline Alliances - Airlines Alliance is an association of several airlines that secures cooperation among them. The aim of the association is the unification of service standards - 41% of the market is covered by alliances - at the moment there are 3 large airline alliances - Star Alliance, Sky Team, OneWorld
• 22) World Container services Maersk Line Worldwide container linear shipping line - over 450 ships with capacity of 1.9 m TEU (Twenty-foot equivalent unit) - the largest maritime operator in the World  - 2008 received 26 new vessels - 2006 Maersk line receives from Odense Steel shipyard the container ship EMMA Maersk --> most friendly to the environment due to lower emission, lower energy, consumption
• 23) Largest container shipping lines - MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company (Switzerland), 423 vessels - CMA CGM (France), 350 vessels - Evergreen (Singapore), 180 vessels - Cosco (China), 130 vessels
• 24) DCT in Gdansk as a part of Logistics Chain - In recent years large increase of container transport of general cargo - in poland there are 7 container terminals - Deep water container Terminal Gdansk was launced in 2007, already in 2010 served 500.00 TEU, in 2016 1.3 m TEU - DCT become a hub that serves Polish hinterland and remaining Baltic ports - Due to the direct service from Far East, movement of smaller ships also increased - Feeder lines to Russian and Scandinavian ports are served by "Maersk" and "Unifeeder" - Since January 4, 2010, there is a weekly service between China and Poland. The largest container ship is the "Maersk Taikung" with capacity of 8400 TEU
• 25) Impact of pandemic on transport and logistics chains - De-globalization - smaller movements from goods from the Far East to European Countries --> smaller production due to lock-downs of fabrics --> Problem of supply - Also: Problem of demand - We have to remove the production dependence of China - larger inventory to avoid lack of products - even if companies have to face higher costs

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