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Laboratory Animal Science (Fach) / Analgesia and Euthanasia (Lektion)

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• name the 5 freedoms Freedom of.. 1. hunger/thirst 2. discomfort 3. pain, injury, disease 4. distress, fear 5. freedom to express most normal behaviour
• Which fedaral regulations mandate the infliction of pain? prevent pain whenever possible and treat animal pain whenever diagnosed. exeptions only if scietifically justified Article 14 Directive 2010/63/EU unless inappropriate, carry out procedures under general/local anaethesia and or analgesia Animal Protection Act 2013, Article 1, no pain suffering or harm may be inflicted without reasonable ground according to the principle of proportionality
• define pain aversive, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience representing an awareness of the animal of damage or threat to the integrity of it's tissue --> results in changed physiology and behaviour
• differentiate analgesia from anaesthesia ANALGESIA: no pain, but insensibility to pain without loss ofconsciousness -->  Perception of touch sensibility stillpresent---reduction or interruption of stimulus conduction---application of analgesics ANESTHESIA: insensitiveness --> temporary induced loss of sensation and/or awareness                                                                                                                      ---general --> unconsciousness ---local --> consciousness ---regional --> consciousness may (!) include analgesia, muscle relaxation, Amnesia (loss of memory)
• Which sensory receptors are sensible to T and pain? free nerve endings all other ones register mechnical stimuli
• Why are there two forms of pain? because we have 3 kinds of nociceptors, of which two are myelinated -A delta respond to noxious mechanical stimuli" -and "polymodal" fibres- respond to mech, thermal and chemical stimuli-->fast conducting) while one is not myelinated ("silent" fibres-->become active after tissue is injured)
• How does nociception work? 1. 1st order neurons -nociceptors- respond to stimuli --> transduction and transmission 2. their axons synapse into second order neurons --> modulation occurs 3. sensory axons convey info from nociceptor to supraspinal sites --> Perception
• Pain can have severe impact on animal experiments! Why? It may cause both physical (deconditioning, avoidance) and phychlogical (anger, fear, depression) consequences
• name signs of pain panting dehydration anorexia squaling aggression analgesics should be administered for a length of time that ensures that pain and discomfort from the procedure have subsided
• Where do different drugs intervene? local anesthetics anti-inflammatory drugs --> first order neurons local anesthetics, opioids, α2-agonists --> second order neurons opioids, α2-agonists --> third order neurons
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• Where do different drugs intervene? local anesthetics anti-inflammatory drugs --> first order neurons local anesthetics, opioids, α2-agonists --> second order neurons opioids, α2-agonists --> third order neurons
• name local anaesthetics Lidocain, Minocain, Bupivacaine block nerve conduction when applied locally at sufficient concentration
• name Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Carprofen, Ketoprofen, Meloxicam, Metamizol more specific anti-inflammatory agents; useful in laboratory animals (postoperative pain) most reduce fever, reduce inflammation, and provide varyingdegrees of analgesia
• name Opiods Fentanyl, Buprenorphin, Butorphanol important components of many surgical anesthesia regimens and are the most potentavailable post-procedural analgesics.
• name α2-Agonists Xylazine, Medetomidin hypnotic analgesics with significant pain relief as sole agents, they do not produce sufficient depth of anesthesia for even minor surgicalprocedures combined with ketamine, and possibly supplemented with inhalants or local or topicalanalgesics, they may be useful during surgery.
• mouse anaesthesia Ketamine-medetomitin-mixure for mouse anaesthesia4.25 ml NaCl 0.9%+ 0.6 ml Ketamin 10%+ 0.15 ml Medetomidin 0.1%use 0.1 ml/10 g BW mouse
• Name criteria for euthanasia put animals to death without pain or stress (end of study, break off criteria, breeding GM mice) 1) inappetence: 2) Weight loss 20-25%, or cachexia/muscle wasting 3) Body condition Score = less or equal to 2, in addition to weight loss, decreased appetite, or other signs of chronic disease Weakness/inability to obtain feed or waterInability or extreme reluctance to stand which persists for 24 hours (assuming that theanimal has recovered from anesthesia) Infection Infection involving any organ system which fails to respond to antibiotic therapy within anappropriate time, recurs within two weeks following treatment termination, or isaccompanied by systemic signs of illness  Moribund state (after recovery from anaesthesia):lack of sustained purposeful response to gentle stimuli, in larger animals, measured by depression coupled with body temperature below 35°C 
• name signs of death Respiratory arrest (no breathing)Cardiac arrest (no pulse)Pallor mortis, paleness which happens in the 15–120 minutes after deathLivor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the bodyAlgor mortis, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generallya steady decline until matching ambient temperatureRigor mortis, the limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult tomove or manipulateDecomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by astrong, unpleasant odor
• name the triad of anaesthesia premedication to decrease stress and fear prior to surgery 1) reversible loss of consciousness 2) analgesia 3)muscle relaxation 
• How is euthanasia verified? 1. Ensure that the heart is not beating by feeling the chest between your thumband forefinger 2. Ensure that there is no blink reflex by touching the eyeball 3. If there is a heartbeat or blink reflex, repeat the euthanasia process asdescribed above or use scissors to open the chest cavity to create apneumothorax (the animal must be non-responsive to a toe pinch prior toperforming this procedure)
• name priciple methods for euthanasia 1. over dosage of anaesthetics 2. Inhalation 3. Physical methods

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