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Educational Psychology (Fach) / Prüfungsthemen (Lektion)

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• Stereotypes (fakten) are always wrong in the sense that they refer to ALL members of a group do not necessarily cause group differences  SERVE.. as schemas that faciliate social interations with unknown individuals...
• Stereotype Threat is how stereotype/prejudices can cause group differences... = afraid of fitting/confirming the stereotypes of own group --> less performance --> stress --> self doubt --> emotional supression
• Interpersonal expectations expectation how a certain person will act in certain situation (Studie mit babys deenen rosa oder blau zugeordnet wurde)
• Nonverbal Communication (Clever Hans) Pferd, dass angeblich rechnen konnte... erkannte feinste Nuancen im Gesichtsausdruck und dadurch ergebnis
• Pygmalion Effect (4 Mechanism) =Selbsterfüllende Prophezeiung.  the expectation of a target person affects the target persons behaviour 1. Climate = Teacher creates warmer climate for children 2. Input = T teaches more material 3. Output = T gives more oppurtiunities to respond 4. Feedback = T gives more differentiated feedback
• Problem Solving any attempt by a cognitive agent to reduce or eliminate a perceived problem "what you do when you dont know what to do" through HEURISTICS or ALGORITHMUS
• Problem Solving Cycle 1. Identification 2. Definition 3. Representation 4. Choosing and inventing a strategy 5. Allocationg ressources 6. Monitoring 7. Evaluation
• Types of Problems Well-structured:      clearly defined solution + procedural instruction (one way) Ill-structured:      various possible solutions, no clear action prescription (mehrere Wege, aber nicht ganz klar) Insight problems: erforden neue Gedankengänge , die nicht durch das Problem vorgeschlagen werden. 
• Strategies for Insight Problems Selective Encoding:relevante Informaionen von irrelevanten trennen Selective Combining:combining pieces of information which do not belong together at first blick Selective comparisons:comparing new infomation to already known information
• Problem Isomorphs problems that have the same underlying structure, so that they require essentially the same operations to achieve a solution. Such problems may vary enormously in their surface structure and in the degree of difficulty experienced by solvers
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• Availabilty Heuristic what comes in mind the most easily is true
• Representative Heuristics The more similar things are the more likely it is they belong to the same category
• Mental Set Predisposition to think in a certain way Tendency to use a known strategy without taking special requirements of the problem into account
• What is intuition perceptual phenomen / recognition Judgements are made autotamit or controlled
• Gamblers Fallacy and Sunk Cost Fallacy Gamblers Fallacy=Fehlschluss , ein zufälliges Ereignis werde wahrscheinlicher, wenn es längere Zeit nicht eingetreten ist Sunk Cost Fallacy=Continuing to invest if one has already los a lot
• What are reliable intuitions 1. The environment provides valid cues 2. People have learned to recognize the cues!
• What is Interest Identification of the self with some object or idea always related to specific topics tasks or activities
• Stronges predictors for boredom lectures without handout  anfälligkeit für langeweile
• Situational Interest (CATH und HOLD) Catch= attract attention and stimulate attention (entertaining activities) Hold= to bind interest , aufrecht erhalten , (pers. relevance ) Catch factors erregen aufmerksamkeit, hold factors sichern nachhaltigkeit
• What are reliable intuitions 1. The environment provides valid cues 2. People have learned to recognize the cues!
• Strategies for Insight Problems Selective Encoding:relevante Informaionen von irrelevanten trennen Selective Combining:combining pieces of information which do not belong together at first blick Selective comparisons:comparing new infomation to already known information
• Process Model of Intrinsic Motivaition Competence Valuation(importance of the task)+Task Involvement (being focused+absorbed during performance)+Perceived Competence (self-evaluation of competence during performance of the task) --> Intrinsic Motivation 
• Interaction between Person+Situation low personal interest + catch --> more interest at the end than low interest and no catch
• Fostering of personal interest by self-regulation change extrinsic to intrinsic motivation through: - challenge/skill component (making task more challenging) - artistic/creative (being more creative) - changing context ( while working listen to music) - changing procedure ( dividing the task in to subtasks)
• Intrinsic Motivation Motivation to perform an activity for the sake of performing it
• When is extrinsic motivation helpful? -to hold up motivation during complex learning tasks -in boring tasks -for people without motivation -children
• Autonomy desire to be self directed , Behaviour is autonomous if it's in accordance with our interests, preferences and needs.  Fostering through:- setting own goals - controlling one owns behaviour- -own problem solving
• Mastery vs. Performance Goals Mastery Goal:Ability development, you want to increase your abilities and skills and enhance knowledge Performance Goal: Trying to get pos. validation of your ability , proving your ability
• Approach performance goals I want to get a good grade
• Avoidance performance goals I dont want to get a bad grade
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• which kind of intelligent belief should be taught children? Incremental belief, it would help to overcome problems praising effort is better  than praising ability
• Procrastination Voluntarily delay of something despite expecting to be worse off for the delay -voluntarily - irrational -be worse off the delay
• Consequences of Procrastination Impairment (Beeinträchttigung) of performance Reduced well-being increased negative feelings increased symptoms of mental health problems
• Strategies to hinder procrastiantion 1.) Self imposed(gesetzt) deadlines:Selbst gesetzte, nahe liegende Deadlines --> better performance 2.) Intentions:Goal Intention --> i will do Z (mostly wird nicht gemacht)Implementation Intention --> if x, than i will do z
• optimal motivation combination of mastery-and approach-performance goalsindividual contributions to motivation and performance
• Self Control is a better predictor of school success than intelligence two models:Delay of Gratification Strength model of self contrl
• Delay of Gratification Verzögerung der Belohnung:now small reward vs. later larger reward (e.g. learning strategies like attention allocationAufmerksamkeitsverteilung)
• Strength model of self-control --> is a limited ressource daily training

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