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anthropic disturbances (Fach) / anthropic semester 1 (Lektion)

anthropic

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  • monitoring pharmaceuticals POCIS Polar organic chemical integrative sampler = passive sampler  array of solid sorbents, which are framed by semipermeable, microporous polyethersulfone (PES) membrane. >dissolve contaminats pass through and are collected on sorbent while particles >100nm are exluded = mimics respiratory exposure of organism =in situ collection of time integraded average of hydrophilic contaminants
  • pharmaceutical changes in organism example antidepressant fluoxetine chemically transforms over time in organism into nor fluoxetine which is even more toxic to the organism 
  • personal care products 3 types 1. UV filters (octocrylene) 2. UV stabilizers 3 Fragrances (galaxolide, cashmeran)
  • ocean data general 3/4 of planet is water 50% of O2 is produced in ocean 25% of CO2 in atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean 90% of trade is via ocean 80% of biodiversity in the ocean  >>> consider ocean when talking about climate change 
  • ocean acidification ocean absorbs CO2 which in contact with water chemically transforms into carbonic acid. This decays into Hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) leading to a lower pH and thus acidification COS+ H20 --> H+ and HCO3-
  • ocean acidification ocean absorbs CO2 which in contact with water chemically transforms into carbonic acid. This decays into Hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) leading to a lower pH and thus acidification COS+ H20 --> H+ and HCO3-
  • deep sea mining minerals of interests a) massive sulphides b) polymetallic manganese crust c) cobalt rich ferromanganese crust
  • deep sea mining minerals of interests a) massive sulphides b) polymetallic manganese crust c) cobalt rich ferromanganese crust
  • deep sea mining minerals of interests a) massive sulphides b) polymetallic manganese crust c) cobalt rich ferromanganese crust
  • hydrothermal vents properties = high productive eco systems =organism do chemosynthesis (no sun)  =extreme conditions =high in metals
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  • hydrothermal vents properties = high productive eco systems =organism do chemosynthesis (no sun)  =extreme conditions =high in metals
  • problems deriving ffrom deep sea mining 1. mud deposition: smothering of organisms, opaque water = less photosyntheis 2. Metal/metalcocktails released 3. polymetallic sulphides come thru cracks and deposit on seabed 4. Methane hydrates = accumulation  of methan which when breaks down contributes strongly to green house emission 5. release of organic compounds 6. Lubricsting mud used for drilling 
  • problems deriving ffrom deep sea mining 1. mud deposition: smothering of organisms, opaque water = less photosyntheis 2. Metal/metalcocktails released 3. polymetallic sulphides come thru cracks and deposit on seabed 4. Methane hydrates = accumulation  of methan which when breaks down contributes strongly to green house emission 5. release of organic compounds 6. Lubricsting mud used for drilling 
  • Disposal Deep Sea mining Coastal tailing disposal/photic zone: smothering phyto and micrplankton submarine taling disposal (pelagic zone): smothering zooplankton and higher trophic levels deep see tailing disposal(benthic and mining site): smothering lavae and microbial communities 
  • Disposal Deep Sea mining Coastal tailing disposal/photic zone: smothering phyto and micrplankton submarine taling disposal (pelagic zone): smothering zooplankton and higher trophic levels deep see tailing disposal(benthic and mining site): smothering lavae and microbial communities 
  • Disposal Deep Sea mining Coastal tailing disposal/photic zone: smothering phyto and micrplankton submarine taling disposal (pelagic zone): smothering zooplankton and higher trophic levels deep see tailing disposal(benthic and mining site): smothering lavae and microbial communities 
  • Disposal Deep Sea mining Coastal tailing disposal/photic zone: smothering phyto and micrplankton submarine taling disposal (pelagic zone): smothering zooplankton and higher trophic levels deep see tailing disposal(benthic and mining site): smothering lavae and microbial communities 
  • TAG Transatlantic Geotraverse is field of hydrothermal vents, which is rich in copper and most dominant species is the shrimp called rimicaris exoculata
  • TAG Transatlantic Geotraverse is field of hydrothermal vents, which is rich in copper and most dominant species is the shrimp called rimicaris exoculata
  • MIDAS Managing impacts of deep sea resource exploitation = broadening knowledge about deep sea and shallow water species  = eg lab studies of cold water coral and hydrothermal vent mussles =ROV (remote operating vehicle) operations with water collection and measurements of temperature and pH
  • MIDAS Managing impacts of deep sea resource exploitation = broadening knowledge about deep sea and shallow water species  = eg lab studies of cold water coral and hydrothermal vent mussles =ROV (remote operating vehicle) operations with water collection and measurements of temperature and pH
  • MIDAS Managing impacts of deep sea resource exploitation = broadening knowledge about deep sea and shallow water species  = eg lab studies of cold water coral and hydrothermal vent mussles =ROV (remote operating vehicle) operations with water collection and measurements of temperature and pH
  • traditional pollutants plus subcategories (metals, organic) wastewater nutrients metals organic compounds hydrocarbons/oil organohalogenates plastic/litter radiation  heat plants Metals: zinc, cupper, mercury, silver, aluminium, lead iron, cadmium Organics: PCP, API, oil, pesticides, endochrine disrupting compounds, paper 
  • black box chemical accumulation in organism 1.-4. 1. Bioaccumulation of compound and either directly metabolized or 2. stored in tissue, fat, skeleton 3. delayed toxicitiy when liberated from storage  4. excretion either unchanged or biotransformed daughter compound
  • black box chemical accumulation in organism 1.-4. 1. Bioaccumulation of compound and either directly metabolized or 2. stored in tissue, fat, skeleton 3. delayed toxicitiy when liberated from storage  4. excretion either unchanged or biotransformed daughter compound
  • black box chemical accumulation in organism 1.-4. 1. Bioaccumulation of compound and either directly metabolized or 2. stored in tissue, fat, skeleton 3. delayed toxicitiy when liberated from storage  4. excretion either unchanged or biotransformed daughter compound
  • black box chemical accumulation in organism 1.-4. 1. Bioaccumulation of compound and either directly metabolized or 2. stored in tissue, fat, skeleton 3. delayed toxicitiy when liberated from storage  4. excretion either unchanged or biotransformed daughter compound
  • bioaccumulation xenobiotic compound phase 1 and 2 phase 1: oxidation or reduction by mostly enzymes of xenobiotic compound: is made polar and many times hydroxyl group added (eg enzyme cytochrome P450) Phase 2: conjugation: then excretion in bile by liver 
  • Bioconcentratration factor and bioaccumulation factor a) refers to water alone: ratio between chemical substance in organisms body and surrounding water b) refers to all contamination sources eg food and water: ratio of concentration accumulated chemical and surrounding (sediment/water)  accumulation: absorb faster than loss of poising substance)
  • Bioconcentratration factor and bioaccumulation factor a) refers to water alone: ratio between chemical substance in organisms body and surrounding water b) refers to all contamination sources eg food and water: ratio of concentration accumulated chemical and surrounding (sediment/water)  accumulation: absorb faster than loss of poising substance)
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  • Bioconcentratration factor and bioaccumulation factor a) refers to water alone: ratio between chemical substance in organisms body and surrounding water b) refers to all contamination sources eg food and water: ratio of concentration accumulated chemical and surrounding (sediment/water)  accumulation: absorb faster than loss of poising substance)
  • Bioconcentratration factor and bioaccumulation factor a) refers to water alone: ratio between chemical substance in organisms body and surrounding water b) refers to all contamination sources eg food and water: ratio of concentration accumulated chemical and surrounding (sediment/water)  accumulation: absorb faster than loss of poising substance)
  • biomagnification chemical compound concentration increases with higher trophic levels in the food chain
  • biomagnification chemical compound concentration increases with higher trophic levels in the food chain
  • acute toxcicity (LD50) LD50/LC50: lethal dosage: 50% of population is dead at this point NOAEL: No statistically significant adverse effect on population LOEC: Lowest concentration which shows statistically significant adverse effect on population in comparison with control
  • acute toxcicity (LD50) LD50/LC50: lethal dosage: 50% of population is dead at this point NOAEL: No statistically significant adverse effect on population LOEC: Lowest concentration which shows statistically significant adverse effect on population in comparison with control
  • Toxic contaminants model Drivers-Pressure-conveyance pathway- State- Impacts 1) Drivers: Human activity (industry, agrar, urbanization, fossil fuel burning, Landuse) 2)Pressures: Loading onto environment: Types=persistant bioaccumulative toxins, fossil fuels, metals, phthalates...) 3) nonpoint sources (eg ground water, stormwater, emission) and point sources (wastewater, pipe end, legal and illegal discharge) 4)State: Exposure metrics eg Tissue, metabolites, biomarkers ; Exposure proxies (sediment water concentration) 5) Impacts: Wildlife: (mortality, reproduction, reduction well being)                  Human (same plus economic lost opportunities)
  • pollution model 2 drivers-pressure-state-impact-respone 1)Driers: human activities  (urbanization, landuse, agrarculture, industry) 2)Pressure: nutrients, increasing CO2, water clarity, turbidity /sedimentation, toxic contaminants 3) State: WQ Index, pH-acidification, temperature,salinity, diseases  4)Impacts on humans and wildlife 5)Response: Prevention (source controls..); Manage Conveyance; Clean up
  • biomarkers in general =measures of cells, tissues and body fluids indicate in biochemichal and cellular terms the presence of contaminants (exposure) and magnitude of organism response (effect) =early warning signal of biological effects caused by environmental pollution for prediction of higher levels of biological organizations eg population, community
  • Categories of biomarkers (early, late, relevance) early response: Molecular (biochemical response), Physiological (subcellular and cellular), tissue                       immunological (organism system), histhopathological leading to later responses: less/no reproduction                       -problems in organism, population, community Late responses are a lot more relevant as they concern the whole population and thus the eco system
  • Pros and limitations of biomarkers pros: cheap and fast, easy measurements, show specific response to specific toxin, shown concentration-response relation Limitations: difficulties in distinguishing natural variability from interindividual variability; biomarkers not sensitive to mixture of pollutants, mixture of pollutants can have synergistic, anthogonistic or additive effects
  • Biomarker response graph 1-3 1) Enzymatic response to contaminant to decrease concentration 2) slowing down of response until maximum is reached 3) concentration is so high that it becomes toxic and the organism cannot fight it anymore - decreaseof response until it stops
  • Biomarker validation >linked to contaminant exposure >Lab tested (dose and time response curve with dosis relevant to environment) and identification of synergistic or anthogonistic effects >validation in the field
  • Examples for biomarkers 1) molecules (enzyme content/activity) 2)cells (chromosomal aberration (anomalität); formation micronuclei) 3)organs (liver condition index), immune parameter 4)individuals (scope for growth, fertility) 5)Population:gene frequence, size distribution) 6)Eco system (diversity index)
  • Scope for growth and Adenylate energy charge Sfg = shows differences between ernergy absorbed via food and metabolic processes Sfg = A- (R+U) (absorbed;respiratory; excretion) Adenylate energy charge (AEC): measures energy status of the cells and formed into an index >0,75 : good growth; 0,5-0,75: fslow growth; <0,5no growth calculated from ratio of adenosin tri/di/ and monophosphate
  • Specific Biomarkers Defense Damage Defense: Phase 1 : Detoxification via enzymes (eg catochromme P450) Phase 2: Detoxification via enzyme: GST Antioxidant Enzymes: SOD, CAT, GPx Metallthioneins ALAD Damage: Imposex AcHe Lipid Peroxidation
  • ROS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) -(O2-, -OH, ROO, H2O2, NO) derive from either natural sources such as metabolism in the porganism (reduction) or artificially via anthropogenic influences (Metals, drugs, organic xenobiotics) -> Enzymes in organism defend itself from ROS via Enzymes eg CATalase, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Gluthathione peroxidase GPx
  • Oxidative stress Normale Zellen im Organismus halten ihre Fähigkeit, reduzierende oder oxidierende Stoffe zu neutralisieren, aufrecht, indem sie oxidierende bzw. reduzierende Stoffe produzieren und bevorraten (vorrat anlegen). Ein Ungleichgewicht (AOX (antioxidants) and ROS) zwischen diesen Pools, das die normale Reparatur- und Entgiftungsfunktion einer Zelle überfordert und folglich zu einer Schädigung aller zellulären und extrazellulären Makromoleküle führen kann, wird als oxidativer Stress bezeichnet.[1][3]
  • a)Superoxide dismutase b)Catalase c)Gluthathione peroxidase d)Lipid peroxidation e)metallthioneins f) Acetylcholinesterase g)ALAD h)Imposex i)DNA Genotoxology a) metalloenzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superperoxide anoins in humans/cytosolic (Cu, Zn-SOD), Mitchondira (Mn-SOD), Fe-SOD b)Decomposes H2O2 (cytosoles and peroxisomes c)selenium and non selenium dependant (cytosolic and mitochondria) d) oxidative degradation of lipids. It is the process in which free radicals "steal" electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage (alter membrane protein structure and function eventually membrane damage) e)Cytosolic proteins of non enzymatic nature which bind metals f)Pesticides slow down AChE catalyzation - decrease of AChE activity g) Biomarker sensitive to lead (the more lead the lower ALAD activity) h)change geschlechtsteil by organotin (TBT) i) DNA strand breakage - faulty repair -mutation-replication
  • Omic technology general from the gene to the protein =universal detection and interactions between genes, mRNA, proteins, metabolites in a biological sample =adresses links between environmental conditions, harmful effects and associated response in marine bivalves

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