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Kog.Neuro. (Fach) / EMOTION (Lektion)
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- What are different components of emotion? Can we study these? - externally observable behaviour -> yes ! - subjective feeling -> yes ! - somatic/ physiological response -> yes ! - internal, central state -> ?
- Theory of Emotion (Tomkins, Izard, Ekman) idea of primary or basic emotion => emotions are innate
- Barrett & Russell -> what do they think about the theory of emotion? -criticize it => emotions are learned and/or social constructs
- Joe le Doux -coined the term "survival circuits" => its function is to negotiate behavioral interactions/ responses in challenging situations => its function is NOT to create feelings => feelings are indirectly influenced by the survival circuits -> Joe le Doux did not focus on subjective experience. He theorized subjectiveness to be only a part of the neural circuit, that is elicited by chllenging situations
- subjective experience (Joe le Doux) -may be result of different interacting neural circuits / a part of the neural circuit that responds to challenging situations
- Are defensive responses adaptive? Is Fear adaptive? Yes! learning is crucial !"little Albert" 1920 (Watson) CS-US association learning: acquiring information to guide future behavior/ performance memory: product of learning is stored for later use, reflected in changes in the brain
- William James threat - behavioural response - subjective experience stimulus (ext.) -> sensory cortex -> motor cortex -> bodily response -> sensory cortex -> feeling critics? in case of cortical lesions, animals still show robust behavioural response to fearful stimulus
- Cannon & Bard: "lesion strategy" -> cortex could have lesions -> hypothalamus as emotional center! stimulus (ext.) -> thalamus -> hypothalamus -> bodily response thalamus -> cortex -> subj. feeling
- Papez -> limbic system theory hippocampus is the integrator between external and internal stimuli (bodily response / subjective feelings)
- central place of amygdala in neural circuit of defense (established theory) amygdala as integrator of sensory input (immediate response and processed response)
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- what happens in the amygdala when fear is learned? there is a direct (US) and an indirect (CS) route -> direct route goes to the amygdala directly, indirect route goes via sensory cortex processing the somatosensory/ auditory stimulus, then going to the amygdala Joe le Doux theorized, that when we learn fear, the stimulus is processed the direct route
- is it simple for humans to learn defensive responses? like which animal? yes, we can learn defensive responses by simple associative structures, like rodents
- study to the role of amygdala and hippocampus -> which lesioned patient showed what? lesion in amygdaa => no contidioned fear response lesion in hippocampus => no declarative knowledge (subj. feeling)
- which brain areas belong to the human fear circuit? prefrontal cortex, insula cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
- for which area are the different brain regions in the fear circuit? prefrontal cortex - regulation insula cortex - affective and somatic hippocampus - contextualisation amygdala - detection/ expression thalamus - information input
- acquisition and extinction of fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli example! acquisition of a conditioned response of fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli => no big difference extinction of f-r.and f.-i. stimuli => resistance to extinction for fear-relevant stimuli example: also for racial-ingroup vs racial-outgroup! this effect not found for people who had contact to members of the outgroup!
- Extinction circuit, which brain areas..? overlaps with fear circuit!! prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala! (regulation, contextualisation, detection/ expression) Key area is the mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex)
- pharmacological extinction of fear dopaminergic or glucocorticoid enhancement of extinction based psyhotherapy => inhibitory learning is facilitated by psychopharmacology