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Kog.Neuro. (Fach) / Aging (Lektion)
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- Which change in brain structure is aging associated with? Decline of gray and white matter
- Aging and cognitive functions -aging is associated with a decline in cognitive functions (decline in connectivity, immediate recall of memory, declarative memory decline, working memory/ex. functions (frontal lobes), decision making (basal ganglia)) -language and praxis is usually preserved --> normally aging is associated with a decline in several cognitive functions, but they stay within a non-pathological level!
- how does the typical activation pattern look when young and old perform a cognitive task? in the old is more activation seen for the completion of the same task -is this impairment or compensation? ->> difficult to interpret due to lack of performance control/ lack of association with brain structure
- subsequent memory approach -> what can you control for here? also, do healthy elderly compensate? if yes, in what way? control for performance -> evidence for successful compensation ->they compensate, underactivation on the medial temporal lobes, overactivation in the middle prefrontal cortex >>engage frontal regions for successful encoding
- correlation between brain structure and compensatory activation >> within older adults -> positive association (compared to all subjects, young and old, neative association) >> older adults have less hippocampal strcuture, though more compensatory activation -->> ATROPHY leads to compensation, but also limits it !
- what can be tested via the modulated dot-probe paradigm? what was shown for depressed participants? emotional preferences! depressed patientes showed an increased preference for sad faces -> enhanced focus on negative information
- What is the positivity effect in aging? And how was it tested? -healthy elderly participants showed in the modulated dot-probe task an attentional focus on positive faces -> positive information! -also: enhanced memory for happy memories in healthy older adults!
- What is the principle of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory ? The perceived left lifespan influences motivation, cognition, emotion! -young adults perceive time as open-ended, thus their goals are determined by the wish of expanding knowledge and experiencing novelty and gathering information -older adults though experience time as restricted, thus their goals are concentrated on the rather near-future/short-term, regulating emotional states, optimizing psychological well-being ! -> positivity effect!
- Is there neuroscientific evidence for emotion regulation in elderly healthy adults? yes, elederly healthy adults engage actively the ACC, which is a well-known region for emotion regulation -ACC acitivtiy is associated with emotional well-being ->> supports thus the assumption of increased emotion regulation in elderly (socio-emotional selectivity theory) ! :))
- Does the positivity effect for elderly participants depend on attentional resources? How was this measured? Yes, behavioural correlates of the theorized positivity effect depend on sufficient cognitive resources -in the modulated dot-probe + fMRI task, participants showed increased distractibility for happy faces, when more attentional resources were available for face processing
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- Is the positivity effect directly associated to the cognitive functioning of participants? How tested? -resuts of eyetracking paradigm test -ability to focus attention on self-relevant positive information while ingoring negative information -> underlines the importance of cognitive resources for positivity effect
- Lifespan theory of control and regret -What is it? Principle! Shift in emotional control strategies may compensate for declining resources and declining opportunities in older age > younger adults may engage more in regretful situations ->> optimized future lies ahead of them! > older adults may rather disengage in regretful situations as a resilience factor for healthy emotional aging >> do not have a lot of opportunitites to undo regretful situations
- How to measure regret behavior in elderly adults? With Neuroscientific methods? "Devil-task" -> the optimal outcome is to have an optimal gain without unpacking the "devil" -> groups were old depressed, old healthy, and young healthy -> compared to both other groups, old healthy pp's have a decreased response to missed opportunities (so they do not change future behaviour in response to previously missed chances) -> healthy old pp's are the only group which shows no descrease in signal repsonse for missed opportunities -> engagement of ACC when confronted with missed opportunities => reflects regulation process
- What kind of activity indicates regulation processes (e.g. disengagement through external attribution)? fronto-striatal activity
- How can we enhance on a neural level when getting older? Soft stressors like physical activity, diets, cognitive stimulation lead to a specific cellular stress response which influence the amount of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) ->BDNF supports the survival of neurons, growth of new neurons ->concentration of BDNF is enhanced by soft stressors
- What kind of influence has physical activity on daily level? daily activity is associated with -better memory -higher neurotrophin levels -more brain structure juggling is associated with -change in brain structure (in young and old adults)
- Neuroenhancement - examples (videogame/ diet) -> two single tasks practice alone or multitasking --> transfer effect for multitasking -> significant increase in comparison to the single tasks practice for attention and working memory
- Neuroenhancement - examples (videogame/ diet) -> videogame driving and attending a sign -> two single tasks practice alone or multitasking --> transfer effect for multitasking -> significant increase in comparison to the single tasks practice for attention and working memory -> nutrition -> 3 month diet improves memory, neurotrophin levels, normalizes insulin functions in older adults!