Kog.Neuro. (Fach) / learning and memory (Lektion)

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• how did we learn about the role of the hippocampus? early case studies -e.g. H.M., epileptic, had undergone experimental surgery, got his bilateral hippocampus removed -very profound recent memory loss Not affected: intelligence, procedural learning, short-term memory, language AFFECTED: anterogade global amnesia: episodic & semantic -regardless of memory test -regardless of stimulus material -regardless of sensory modality
• What is measured by the serial reaction time task? implicit memory
• Which brain areas are activated during SRTT (serial reaction time task)? -cerebellum and motor cortex -for higher order numer range - when the task gets more difficult - hippocampus is activated
• Is the SRTT (serial reaction time task) good for testing functioning explicit memory? No, because this task measures implicit memory -task is independent of declarative memory / (awareness)
• What kind of impairments had HM? Name 3 examples of tests that measured this -face recognition -Wisconsin Card Sorting Test -Recalling public events -mirror drawing
• What brain area is required für accessing flexible, relational knowledge? Hippocampus
• What brain area is required for accessing inflexible, stimulus-response memory? Basal ganglia
• some tests measure explicit procedural and implicit rule learning which brain area is activated for which some tests measure explicit procedural and implicit rule learning type? (explicit) procedural learning -> hippocampus implicit rule learning -> basal ganglia / striatum
• There is a theory of memory, which makes a distinction between implicit (not aware) and explicit (awareness). Does this make sense? - it is not supported by neural correlates ( neuroscientific research )
• -When we speak about the Medial Temporal lobe (in connection with episodic memory eg), which areas are meant by that? -hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus -parahippocampal gyrus= entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices
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• What means encoding? transformation of the passing percept in a short-term memory trace  -only what is perceived, can be encoded, can be consolidated, can be retrieved!
• Hippocampal Indexing Theory (Teyler & Rudy, 2007) -says that encoding is the process of binding several cortical neurons (in the neocortex), elicited by experience, to hippocampal neurons, which represent the memorial experience -hippocampal neuron is activated, thus all the features in the neocortex are activated!
• SME (Subsequent Memory Effect) DM effect (difference due to memory effect) -paradigm that can be tested by a subsequent memory test -activity is measured during studying/ encoding -then, pp has to remember which ones are old , which ones are new the remembered and the forgotten are compared to activity during studying -> usually higher activity for the remembered ones during studying!
• consolidation new memories are gradually transformed from a rather unstable, to a more permanent state
• synaptic consolidation -fast process -involves stabilization of a change in synaptic connectivity
• systems consolidation -slow process -involves gradual reorganization of the brain regions, which are involved in memorizing
• retrieval re-accessing information or events from memory
• retrieval cue -two types of retrieval cues! clue/ prompt which triggers retrieval of stored information -1. recognition 2.recollection/recall
• recognition comparison of perceived information (eg face) with memory for all faces -perceived info is the retrieval cue -retrieval cue is compared to storage memory -> matching signal? -> decision
• recollection/recall -Which theory fits to this concept of memory? remembering an information which is not currently present, eg name, triggered by a face (retrieval cue) -Hippocampal Indexing Theory (Teyler, Rudy;07) -> partial retrieval cue -> cortical reinstatement
• Which concept of memory retrieval is tested more (with fMRI data)? and why? -recognition -easier to test -> much more convenient in terms of designing a test -fMRI data is much more conclusive

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