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Linguistik Vorlesung (Fach) / Old English (Lektion)
Klausur
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- OE as an inflectional language: N, V, Adj werde inflected focus on inflexionsBUT OE system had a number of weaknesses that would ultimately lead to its loss-no paradigm contained maximum amount of differentiation-eventual reduction of vowels to schwa-fixed word order - indicating the function of words within a clause-adaption of many loan words from Old Norse and French -> also inflecting languages --> simplest option was to leave them of completelyInflexions: N,Adj,V-distinction in number: dual: plural and singular-distinction in gender: masculin, feminim, neuter-case: Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc-gender wasn't sex --> gender of Nouns was more or less arbitrary --> contributing to later loss of gender in EnglishOE Nouns:-3 genders (grammatical role rather than natural)-signs of decline in gender --> could rarely be determined by the form of Nom singular-4 cases: weakness of OE case system-Nom and Acc were identical in plural-almost all obligue cases were identical in singular-2 numbers:-singular and plural distinction-each OE noun belonged to one or several inflectional classesOE Adjectives:-the most highly inflected part-of-speech in OE-marked for gender, case and number + comparison-no analytic comparison-comparitive -ra, superlative -ost(a) or -est(a)-2 seperative declensions-weak (definite) declension-strong (indefinite) declension-OE had no indef. article-no def. article apart from 'that' --> definite and indefinite declensions had similar functionOE verbs:-3 major types of verb conjunction: weak, strong, others-strong verbs (7 classes, around 300 verbs)-indicated the past tense and the past participle by a change in the stem vowel-4 principle parts: infinite, past singular, past plural, pp-far more weak verbs in English -others-most irregular verb: be-ModEn modals (shall, may, can, could) descendants of OE preterite-present-OE verbs were inflected for tense, person, number and moodOE uninflected classes:-prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, interjections
- What did OE sound like? -dialects: Kentish, West Saxon, Marcian, Northumbrian-relatively full inflectional system-no silent syllables-spelling is almost phonetic (letters represent sounds fairly closely)-relatively free word ordersound changes-monophthongization: all diphthongs became monophthongs-i-umlaut: raisin and fronting a root vowel in anticipation (Erwartung) of 'i' and 'y' sound in a suffix (mus->musi->mysi->mys)-velar-umlaut: back-mutation: form of diphthongnization (heofen --> /e/ unstressted back vowel--> diphthong heaven)-breaking (steorfan --> triggered by following /h/, /r/ or /l/) OE stress-OE words: regularky stressed on their first syllable-(exeptions: prefixed verbs (on'bindan) and be-, for-, ge- not stressed)-far-reaching effect: vowels of first syllables began to be reducted to a uniform sound in 10th ct
- OE word-stock. Which influences? -relatively few loan words (from non-Germanic languages)-Anglo Saxons and Jutes-great flexibility - a capacity for bending olf words to new uses --> word formation(Affixiation, Compounding & Self explaining compounds)-OE vocabulary was rich and colorfulCeltic influences (very small, only 12 survived/ lot of suffixes/prefixes)-in place names, nature (Kingdom of Kent, London --> Lon-dunum =town)Latin traces:-continental loans (war and trade words) and settlement loans (lot adapted from Latin)-history, paper, term, cancer--> OE vocabulary overwhelmingly Germanic (only exeption: Latin continantial loans)Scandinavian influence-co-existence of OE -> Anglo-Norse hybrid tongue-window replaced eyehole-slight modification in form-new words for new things-> did not change vocabulary but enrich it