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Anatomy (Fach) / Anatomy IV (Lektion)
- Organisation of efferent sympathetic nervous system 1. Cell bodies of efferent preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in grey matter of T1 to L2/3 spinal cord segments ONLY --> thoracocolumnar outflow 2. Synpase of preganglionic neurons in sympathetic ganglia: a) Paravertebral ganglia - Linked paired structures on either side of the vertebral column, forming the sympathetic chain. Associated with spinal nerves via rami communicans. b) Prevertebral ganglia - lie in front of the vertebral column enmeshed in plexuses, preganglionic neurons which have passed the sympathetic chain without synapsing synapse there with postganglionic neurons (Splanchnic nerves = preganglionic neurons which didn't synapse in sympathetic chain)
- Sympathetic innervation of trunk and limbs 1. Trunk - supply of blood vessels and sweat glands via thoracic spinal nerves and the intercostal nerves by way of the paravertebral sympathetic chain (rami communicans) 2. Limbs - supply of blood vessels and sweat glands via the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses by way of the sympathetic chain (rami communicans)
- Organisation of efferent parasympathetic nervous system 1. Cell bodies of efferent preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are either located in the grey matter of the brain stem (12 cranial nerves) or in the sacral spinal cord (S2-S4) --> cranio-sacral outflow 2. Synapse with the postganglionic neurons in ganglia located close to the organ they supply --> no paravertebral ganglia, no supply of body wall or limbs 3. Pelvic splanchnic nerves = nerved which contain the axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
- The brain (Cerebrum) 1. Cerebrum (Cortex) - Outer layer grey matter, deep inside white layer - two seperate cerebral hemispheres, seperated by the longitudinal fissure and interconnected by the corpus callosum (white matter) - Gyri (ridges) and Sulci (grooved) - Four major lobes: a) Occipital lobe - visual processing b) Temporal lobe - memory c) Parietal lobe - integration of sensory information d) Frontal lobe - motor control, executive functions - Nuclei - multiple collections of cell bodies deep inside: a) Basal ganglia - movement control b) Thalami - sensory "relay centres" c) Hypothalami - regulate hormonal control of bodily functions
- Ventricular system - contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), synthesised by tissue lining the ventricles called choroid plexus --> blockage of this system may damage CNS structures as CNS volume may increase (hydrocephalaus) --> increase in intracranial pressure
- Brain (Brainstem, Cerebellum) 1. Brain stem - divided into midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata - responsible for aspects of neural control and homeostasis 2. Cerebellum - attached to brain stem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles - motor system
- Skin (Structure 1. Epidermis - surface epithelium and origin of skin appendages (hair follicles, sebacious glands, sweat glands) --> Epithelial tissue 2. Dermis - Dense irregular connective tissue into which the skin appendages extend --> Connective tissue 3. Hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue/fascia - adipose tissue segregated by loose and dense connective tissue
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