Pathology & Physiology (Fach) / PIPs (Lektion)

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• Neoplasia Def. - a general pathological process that induces cancer  - a mass of anbormal tissue with abnormal cell growth and uncoordinated and purposeless proliferation compared to normal tissue 
• Types of neoplasia (2) 1. Malign neoplasm - can spread into adjacent tissues, making new seperate tumours (e.g. in lymph nodes) --> cancer (malignant) 2. Benign neoplasm - can't spread 3. Primary neoplasm - primary abnormal tissue 4. Secondary neoplasm - metastase(s)
• Development of neoplasms 1. Normal epithelium (2.) Metaplasia - not neoplastic, but inreased risk of mutations --> reversible 3. Intraepithelial neoplasm (dysplasia) --> can be reversible if recognised by immune system  4. Carcinoma
• Metastases - deposits of cancer away from primary tumour , with the same properties than the primary tumour 1. Haematogenous metastases - spread through the blood to other organs 2. Lymphatic metastases - spread through the lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes 
• Paraneoplastic syndromes - systematic effects of the tumour which aren't directly related to the local mass  --> e.g. tumours often secrete hormones/peptides --> e.g. malaise, weight loss due to circulating pro-inflammatory factors like cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6,...)

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