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english grammar (Fach) / tenses (Lektion)

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• present simple form uses (2) examples form: subject + verb (present/V1) 1. habits/routinesI drink coffee every morning 2. factsCathy works as a teacher
• present continuous form uses (4) examples form: subject + am/is/are + verb (-ing) 1. actions happening now while speakingI am drinking coffee right nowwe are having breakfastIt is raining outside 2. temporary activitiesArun is learning to play the guitarI am watching a very interesting tv series at the momentMy sister is staying with us for a couple of weeks 3. Something will or will not happen in the near futureI am meeting some friends tonightIs he visiting his parents next weekend?Isn't he coming with us tonight? 4. Changes that are taking place nowEnglish lessons on Youtube are becoming very popular these daysThe price of crude oil is falling rapidlyScientist say that earth is getting warmer
• present perfect form uses (6) examples alert! form: subject + have/has + verb (past participle/V3)1. Experiences - the time period is unfinished or ongoingI have been to FranceI have seen that movie2. recent actions or events (no mention of the time because the exact time is not important)If you want to mention a specific time use past simpleI have finished my homeworkArthur has lost his glasses The police have arrested a young man in connection with the robbery 3. Changes over timeYou have grown since I saw you the last timeThe government has become more interested in arts educationMy English has really improved since I moved to Australia4. Accomplishments (without mentioning a specific time)Man has walked on the MoonOur son has learned how to readDoctors have cured many deadly diseasesScientist have split the atom5. An uncompleted action you are expectingUsing the present perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happenJames has not finished his homework yetSusan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicateBill has still not arrivedThe train hasn't stopped6. Multiple actions at different timessuggests that the process is not completed and more actions are possibleThe army has attacked that city five timesI have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semesterWe have had many major problems while working on this projectShe has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick IF YOUR CONTEXT REFERS TO A DATE/POINT IN THE PAST, NEVER USE THE PRESENT PERFECTI saw him yesterdayI haven't seen him since yesterday
• present perfect continuous form use examples form: subject + have/has been + verb (-ing) actions that started in the past and are still continuing often used with a time period EXAMPLES:I have been waiting to see the doctor for two hours/since 5 p.m.He has been playing tennis since he was a child/for 20 years.She has been learning English for aight month/since last October.We have been living in this town for a very long time/since 1980.It has been raining all morning/since 4 a.m. alert: I am waiting to see the doctor for two hours is wrong!!!! you have to use present perfect continuous when you mention a time (since/for)
• past simple form use (5) examples form: subject + verb (past/V2) 1. action started and finished at a specific (not necessary mentioned) I saw a movie yesterdayLast year I traveled to JapanDid you have dinner last night?He didn't wash his carShe washed her car 2. a series of completed actions in the pastI finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swimDid you add flour, pour in the milk and then add the eggs?3. Can be used for a (longer) duration which starts and stops in the past'for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year ... 'I lived in Brazil for two yearsSauna studied Japanese for five yearsThey sat at the beach all dayThey did not stay at the party the entire timeWe talked on the phone for thirty minutes4. describe a habit which stopped in the past almost as "used to"often comes with 'always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger'I studied French when I was a childHe played the violinHe didn't play the piano Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?She worked at the movie theater after school5. Describe facts or generalizations which are no longer true = 'used to'She was shy as a child, but now she is really outgoingHe didn't like tomatoes beforeDid you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• past continuous form use (5) examples form: subject + was/were + verb (-ing)Unfinished, ongoing action in the past (+ finished action in past simple)I was having dinner with my family when the doorbell rang.It was raining when Priya left workThe power ran out while the children were studyingWhile we were waiting at the bus stop, we saw a car accident 1. a longer action in the past was interruptedI was watching TV when she called2. a specific time as an interruptionLast night at 6 p.m. I was having dinnerYesterday at this time I was working3. parallel actions were happening at the same timeI was studying while he was making dinner4. a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the pastWhen I walked into the office, several people were busy typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and costumers were waiting to be helped.5. combined with words as 'always' or 'constantly' it expresses that something irritating or shocking used to happen in the past + negative emotion'always' or 'constantly' always goes between 'be' and 'verb+ing'She was always coming late to classesHe was constantly talking They were always complaining
• past perfect form use (1) examples form: subject + had + verb (past participle/V3) The first past action (when there are two or more past actions) to avoid confusion in the order of events EXAMPLES:when we got to the theater, the movie started (past simple)when we got to the theater, the movie had started I was sick because I had eaten too much the previous nightThe girl looked very familiar, I had seen her somewhere beforeJoel rushed to his bosses office, but she had gone home already.
• past perfect continuous form use (1) examples past perfect continuousform: subject + had been + verb (-ing) the first (continuous) past action EXAMPLES:I felt really tired because I had been driving all dayShe had been waiting for two hours when the doctor finally arrivedThe ground was wet because it had been rainingWhen he quit his job at the factory, he had been working there for 12 years
• future simple forms (3) & uses examples extra: predictions a) going to = subject + am/is/are + verb (base)plans and intentionsWe are going to buy a carI am going to start exercising regularly Rahul is going to take a vacation from work b) present continuous for fixed arrangements (stronger that going to)I am having lush with my parents on SaturdayWe are flying to Mumbai the day after tomorrowJosh is giving a presentation to the board of directors on the 10th c) will = subject + will + verb (base)instant decisions (suddenly at the time of speaking), offers, promises'I will have the burger and fries combo, please'The phone is ringing: 'I will get it' offers'I will help you with them''I will give you a ride home'promises'can you lend me $200? I will pay you back next week.''thank you for your e-mail. We will respond within two business days' extra: making predictions: will & going toa) will -> predictions based on knowledge/personal experienceI think Spain will win the 2018 World CupYou should watch Interstellar. I am sure you will like it.b) going to -> predictions based on something in the presentLook at the sky it is going to rain soonMom is going to be really happy when she sees my grades
• future continuous form uses (2) one main and one sometimes examples form: subject + will be + verb (-ing) main use: ongoing actions in the futureAt 11 a.m. tomorrow I will be driving to PortlandI cant go to the movies on Saturday, I will be working until late sometimes also used: fixed or routine eventsI will be staying at the Hilton Hotel in Portland or or: I am staying at/I am going to stayI will be going to the cafeteria in a little while myselfor: I am going there in a little while myself
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• future perfect form use (1) examples form: subject + will have + verb (past participle V3) completed actions in the future By August Aron will have saved $600.By five a.m. we will have painted the living room
• future perfect continuous form use (1) examples form: subject + will have been + verb (-ing) ongoing action in the future (with duration) By August Aron will have been saving money for six monthBy five p.m. we will have been painting the living room for ten hours
• stative (or state) verbs: only simple tenses no continuous tenses liking/dislikingmental statenot about action! agreebelongcontaindeservefeelhearimagineinvolvematterneedownpromiserememberseemunderstandwant
• dynamic verbs: simple and continuous tensesusually actions
• Zero conditional purpose form use (2) real future form: If + present simple + present simple statements about the world (scientific facts) now or alwaysreal and possible situationIf you heat water it boils give instructions with the imperativeIf Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema
• First Conditional real, future If + present perfect + will + verb If I win the lottery, I will buy a PorscheIf Joe works hard, he will earn a promotion
• Second conditional use (2) alters (2) unreal present/future If + past simple + would + verbAttitude rather than facts, if to use first or second conditional 1. 'impossible' situationsIf everyone had clean water, the world would be a much better placeIf we were in London today, we would go to the opera.If I were you, I would marry her. 2. 'unlikely' situationsIf Joe worked hard, he would earn a promotionIf I went to China, I would visit the great wallIf I was the president, I would lower taxes Alert 1:the if-clause can contain past simple or past continuousAlert 2: the main clause can contain would, could or might
• Third conditional use example alerts (2) unreal past If+ past perfect + would have + V3 If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a PorscheIf Joe had worked hard, he would have earned a promotion Alert 1:can contain would, could or mightAlert 2:if clause can be left out: I'd have done it.
• Infinitive - to do (6) want to do would like to do need to do decide to do can't afford to do it's time to do
• Gerund - doing (6) 2 extra rule stop doingenjoy doingsuggest doingavoid doingwouldn't mind doinghow about doing all prepositions must be followed by the Gerund when the preposition ens with to you have to use the gerund be used to doinglook forward to doing committed to doing
• Infinitive or Gerund like love prefer start begin continue bother
• Infinitive without 'to' after all modal verbs! can do must doshould doought to dohave to do and: let someone domake someone dohave someone dohad better dowould rather dowhy not do help someone do or to do
• numbers in German and English German:1.000 10 hoch 3 = Tausend1.000.000 10 hoch 6 = Million1.000.000.000 10 hoch 9 = Milliarde1.000.000.000.000 10 hoch 12 = Billion English1,000 = Thousand1,000,000 = Million1,000,000,000 = Billion1,000,000,000,000 = Trillion

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