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Sport sociology (Fach) / Psychological determinants (Lektion)
M7
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- What are economic burden of physical inactivity? - Direct health-care costs: costs for non-communicable diseases expanded by stroke - Indirect productivity costs: compromised productivity at work due to ill health - Lifetime disease burdens (DALYs): sum of the years of life lost due to premature mortality and morbidity or disability while alive - Physical inactivity related death costs
- What are economic benefits of physical inactivity? - reduces health costs - creates employment - supports local buisnesses - reduces absenteeism - enhances productivity
- What is TRA and TPB? the theory of reasonned action (TRA) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) both examine the motivational factors that determine the likelihood of a specific (health) behavior of an individual · TPB as extension of TRA: perceived control also taken into account
- What is the best predictor for behavior? Intention (or plan)
- What is intention determined by? Intention is determined by attitude, subjective norm and perceived control ATTITUDE towards behavior influenced by „behavioral beliefs“(individual beliefs about outcomes of behavior) and personal „evaluation of outcomes of behavior“ (positive vs negative vs neutral) · SUBJECTIVE NORM (do others accept/reject the behavior in general?) influenced by „normative beliefs“ (do others accept/reject if I perform the behavior?) and „motivation to comply“ (willingness to adapt to others' expectations) · PERCEIVED CONTROL over beehavior influenced by „control beliefs“(existence of facilitators/barriers to performance of behavior) and „perceived control“ (over these barriers/facilitators)
- What is the difference between Theory of planned behavior and Intergrated behavioral model? evolved from TPB and other theories · apart from INTENTION, the behavior is also directly influenced by KNOWLEDGE about behavior (or ability to perform behavior), absence/existence of ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, SALIENCE of behavior and HABIT (or amount of experience of behavior) · like in the TPB the intention is determined by attitude, perceived norm and personal agency · ATTITUDE further divided into „intrumental attitude“ (similar to the one in TPB) and „experiental attitude“ (=affect, individual emotional response to behavior) · PERCEIVED NORM (social pressure) divided into „injunctive norm“ (expectation of others towards individual) and „descriptive norm“ (behavior of others) · PERSONAL AGENCY divided into „perceived control“ and „self-efficacy“ (believed ability to perform) · in contrast to the TPB the IBM does not take into account the „evaluation“ component, the three factors influencing intention are described in more detail and ones beliefs (about control, norms etc.) are seen as the initial influence that in the end lead to actual behavior
- What are gender differences in factors influencing leisure time physical activities? for both intention was the strongest correlate with LTPA, followed by self-efficacy; supports theories males: intention (significant), attitude, perceived behavioral control, descriptive norm, and self-efficacy were correlated with LTPA (subjective norm not significant) females: all of the constructs were positively correlated with LTPA; intention, self-efficacy, body mass index (BMI), and sports participation are significant promotional materials to adress gender differences are useful in efforts to increase LTPA among college students
- Do men or women exercise more? (Eurobarometer Text) - Men exercise more than woman ➢ Especially in the age group 15-24➢ Difference tend to decrease with age
- Are people in the northern or southern part of europe more excercising? - Differences in the northern and southern part of Europe➢ Northern citizens are more active than southern
- What is vigorous-intensity PA? - 6 or more times the intensity of rest - 7/8 on a personal exhaustion scale from 0-10
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- What are recommendations for physical activity in different age groups? -> Infants and toddlers, pre-school children, children aged 6-17 years, Adults 18-64 years, older adults 65+ Infants and toddlers: lack of research but do as much PA as possible Children aged 6-17 years: at least 60 min. of moderate to vigorous PA throughout week - OR 75 minutes of vigorous- intensity PA throughou week - Bouts of at least 10 min duration - Muscle strengthening activities on 2 or more days per week Older adults 65+: are the same as for adults - in addition: do physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3(+) days a week - be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow
- What is the social cognitive theory (Bandura)? interactions/interference of self-efficacy and social support on PA
- What are the results of a study examining the factors influencing PA in 12-16 years old aged students from Australia? - direct effect of self-efficacy and social support on intention and also an interaction - at low levels of self-efficacy, support made a difference
- What are the sources for self-efficacy? - Mastery experience: experiences from accomplishing a tak succesfully - Vicarious experience: observing others being successful (modelling process) - Verbal persuasion: trying to convince someone of his or her abilities to successfully perform a task - Physiological and affective states e.g. negative effects such as agitation immediately before a difficult task is interpreted as unprepared or vulnerability (self-efficacy and performance might be impaired)
- What are the result of the sources of self-efficacy study? - Self-efficacy was significantly and positively predicted by mastery experience and self-persuasion -negative affective states predicted self-efficacy negatively - PA was positively and significantly predicted by self-efficacy, vicarious experience and negatively by self-persuasion -indirect effects of the sources of self-efficacy via self-efficacy on PA were significant for mastery experience, self persuasion and negative affective states
- What measures the International PA Questionnaire- Short Form (IPAQ-SF) - Measures total vigorous PA, moderate PA, walking+sitting
- What measures the National Health Interview Survey- PAQ (NHIS-PAQ)? Measures leisure time vigorous PA, light+moderate physical activity, muscle strengthening PA
- What are the results examining the validity of International PA Questionnaire and National Health Interview survey? International PA Questionnaire and National Health Interview survey are good for highly skilled, young people and exercise junkies, but for the rest they fail
- What is the Survey-physical activity questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ)? Survey-physical activity questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ) is an 8 item Questionnaire - Light, moderate and heavy physical activity at work - Transportation - Walking and Cycling -'at least moderate intensity' PA - total duration per week - Muscle-strengthening PA - days per week
- Is the Survey-physical activity questionnaire valid? The Survey-physical activity questionnaire (EHIS-PAQ) shows acceptable reliability - underestimates moderate- vigorous PA - High validity for workrelated PA, transportation related PA, walking and health enhancing PA - Low validity for moderate-to-vigorous aerobic recreational and muscle-strengthening PA
- Is parental education or parrental occupation and income a stronger predictor on PA in german adolescents? Parental education is a stronger predictor than parental occupation and income
- What is higher parental education associated with in terms of sports behavior in german adolescents? - adolescents with parents of a low socio-economic position have lower levels of aerobic fitness and higher levels of media use than adolescents of parents with higher socio-economic position - parental education and income are stronger predictors than family income - high BMI, low physical well-being and low parental support are barriers for the participation in leisure time activities
- What are the results of a study examining the effect of travel time and participation costs of PA in the U.K.? And what are two main policy implications? - Longer travel time and higher price costs have a negative influence on the amount of PA of the population of the U.K. - Two main policy implications: 1. Positive financial incentives, i.e. subsidising the costs of participation could increase the participation among alreaday exercising people 2. Such policies should be targeted at specific activities with high costs of participation (e.g. swimming)