Stage I: Limited to the testicles without lymph node involvement

Stage II: Retroperitoneal (beneath the diaphragm) lymph node involvement- Stage IIa: affected lymph nodes < 2 cm- Stage IIb: affected lymph nodes 2–5 cm- Stage IIc: affected lymph nodes > 5 cm

Stage III: Distant metastases or nonregional lymph node involvement, or retroperitoneal lymph node involvement with moderately to highly elevated tumor markers

Seminoma: c-KIT staining

Treatment:- Surgery→ Prior to surgery: sperm cryopreservation→ Radical inguinal orchiectomy- Seminoma: Radiation therapy ± BEP (= chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin)- Nonseminoma: RPLND = retroperitoneal lymph node dissection ± cisplatin