Etiology:- Adenocarcinoma: Gastroesophageal reflux (Barrett's esophagus), obesity, smoking, achalasia→ Localization: Lower ¹/₃- Squamous cell carcinoma: Smoking, alcohol, diet low in fruit and vegetables, hot beverages, diverticula (eg, Zenkers), nitrosamine exposure, radiotherapy, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, esophageal candidiasis, achalasia→ Localisation: Upper ²/₃

Symptoms: Dysphagia, weight loss, retrosternal chest or back pain, anemia

Diagnostics:- Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (best initial and confirmatory test) + biopsiesStaging: - Transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound (infiltration depth and regional lymph node disease)- Chest and abdominal CT and/or PET

Pathology:- Adenocarcinoma: often present with adjacent Barrett mucosa and high-grade dysplasia- Squamous cell carcinoma: Breakdown of uniform tissue structure, clusters with circular keratinization, lymphocytic infiltration between the carcinoma clusters

Treatment:- Curative: → Endoscopic submucosal resection for removal of superficial, epithelial lesions → Subtotal or total esophagectomy with gastric pull-through procedure or colonic interposition→ Neoadjuvant chemoradiation- Palliative: Chemoradiation, stent placement