Optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) due to ↑ ICP (eg, 2° to mass effect).

Etiology:- Hypertensive emergency- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (eg, pseudotumor cerebri)- Intracranial tumores (eg, medulloblastoma)- Hydrocephalus

- Enlarged blind spot and elevated optic disc with blurred margins.

Fundoscopy: edematous, poorly defined, prominent disc; radial hemorrhage around the disc margin

Increased intracranial pressure is transmitted through the CSF in the subarachnoid space, which is continuous with the optic nerve sheath. This buildup of pressure compresses the optic nerves externally, which in turn impairs axoplasmic flow within the optic nervs, causing bilateral optic disc edema (papilledema).