Cystitis presents with dysuria, frequency, urgency, subrapubic pain, and WBCs (but not WBC casts) in urine

- Males: infants with congenital defects, vesicourethral reflux- Elderly: enlarged prostate

Ascension to kidney results in pyelonephritis, which presents with fever, chills, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, hematuria, and WBC casts

- F:M = 10:1

- Predisposing factors: obstruciton, kidney surgery, catherization, GU malformation, diabetes, pregnancy