- Enzymes eg: exfoliative toxins produced by S. aureus cause staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, SSSS, by degrading proteins that hold keratinocytes together)

- Toxins that alter intracellular signaling or regulatory pathways (active subunit with enzymatic activity and binding subunit --> A-B toxins)eg: Bacillus antrhracis, V. cholerae, E. coli

- Neurotoxinseg: Clostridium botulinum (blocks Ach-release --> paralysis)Clostridium tetani (blocks GABA/Glycin release --> spasm)

- Superantigens stimulate T lymphocytes and lead to massive proliferation and cytokine releaseeg toxic shock syndrome (capillary leak, shock)