USMLE (Fach) / Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors (Lektion)

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- bone mass at least 2.5 standard deviations below the mean (young adults)

- Age-related changes- Reduced physical activity (resistance exercises such as weight training stimulate bone remodeling)- Genetic factors- Calcium deficiency, increased PTH concentrations, reduced vitamin D levels- Hormonal influences- Steroids

- Osteoporosis cannot be detected in radiographs until 30-40% of the bone mass is lost and blood levels of calcium/phosphorus/alkaline phosphatase are not diagnostic--> dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Therapy:- exercise, calcium & vitamin D intake- biphosphonates (reduce osteoclast activity)- denosumab (anti-RANKL antibody)

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